Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done? Part 6

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Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?

Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨Û: ´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?

∞F 1 | ∞F 2 | ∞F 3 | ∞F 4 |∞F 5|∞F 6|∞F 7

By David North
12 September 2005

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ﬁ∂ ''´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã? ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ›CKÚò ∞øà Ó¨Ùıò ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òàF˘£ô, IÑCË° ‹° ›òKô, ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ´Ë£¨Ï úOJô, ›ËvÜ 14 ∫Óô ›ËvÜ 20 ı¨Û GËõàFÚ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛJ° ‰âÓ£ı∂ ∞FÚ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨Û „ø ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOıºã.

ﬁ∂ ﬁäúOJô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛÚ£∞ã. "ÛwÚ£ä πÛÜCªã ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° bòÇËäÏ£Ó ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿ã" ‚°¯ ∫Óô MKæ¨Û ›ÉAÙàFô ›ËvÜ 29ô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÍäÏãò 1 ı¨Û Ô£°∞ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ MKæ¨ÛÚ£˘ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫â¨ÓÚ ™£øFô Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ FºàÓôı£Óã" ‚°∂ Õ°¡ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ÍäÏãò 2, 4 Òü¡ã 5 ›AÚ ´ÓFËOô ›ÉAÙàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨ÛË¿ã ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ‹OàÓ¨ı´Ú.

MÖÎ£˘ã, Í∫Ó£Úã Òü¡ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã

ﬁ∂ ‚ã¨Ò, ËÜCJ° É∞ üPÚ ™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ Ëºà¨Ó üP ÒÜ¥I°P ∫ø¨ÒÚ£˘ Ò£òÇCÍ ™ÍÚüFÜÏàFô ﬁºÇ∞ã ÒàFÚ Óà∂ı£òàÓ, ™ÒåJÚô HÛÑC¨˘Ç∞ ﬁÜ¥Ñ ™ÍôΩA¯∂. ˝£òÆÉ √¡ı∂´£ô, ÓÉËO° ‡Ï˘Æ ‹¬ıàF° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË˜∂ ‚áÌÉËOô ‡üàF ™ÍåÚä¥ã πÙ°Ë£ÜCËú Òü¡ã Ëºà∂ÇËú, ÍÕË ı˜òÑC üPÚ MFË¨˜ ‡ú˜£òâ∂ ´Ô£Ç∞ıÓ° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‹HMºàF ™ÍåÚä¥ã ‹P¨ı MÏæã ∞¨¯âÓ ™ÍôÓ¨Ë¨Ò‡¨ÏÚ´Ó£ Òü¡ã ∞¨¯âÓ ∫¨¯¨Ò (Legitimate) ‡¨ÏÚ´Ó£ ‹ôÙ, ‚°¯£ô, ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿Ç∞ MÖÎ£˘àÓ£ô F¯ÇËäÜÏ ÍÕË ı˜òÑCä ´£Ç∞Ë¨˜ ›¿ãMFË¿Ï° ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ Ô¨Ï∫¨¯¨Ú Â°P¨ÌÇË ∫ÚΩã Âº ‹ÛCÚô ËÜC ´Ó¨ıJô¨Ù. ˝£òÆÉA° ı£Óà¨Ó Âºıò ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£ËÇ ™Ë£áÏ£ô ‚âÓ™ı£º ıÆıàFΩã MÖÎ£˘àFüË£˘ ´Ó¨ı A¨ÏÚ£∂ ‚°¡ Âºıò Ò¡ÇË ∫Æªã ‚°¨Ó Ô£° ≤ÜÆÇË£ÜÏ MºãπA´¯°. πÙ°Ë˜£ô ‡Ï˘ÆÚ£Ë ‡ÌÛäÏÇ√ÆÚÓ£Ë ™ıOä¥àÓä¥ã ÚÓ£òàÓàFü∞ã ∞ä£åM° ÕÙ∫ã, Óà∂ı£òàÓ ‹ºıÒ£å ∞à™Ó¥ÇËäÜ¥ CÇËô ı£åâÓ Òü¡ã cÆàÓ ıNı¨ËJô ™ıOä¥ã ÚÓ£òàÓFü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ´ı¡£ÜÆô ﬁºâ∂Ó£° MÖÎ£˘ã ™ıOä¥A¯∂.

Ô£ã ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ã ‹Æä¨Ï M˘£ ﬁ∂Ó£°: ÓQäÜÏ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË´˜£ ‹ôÙ∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË´Ò£ ËºàFü ™Ë£ú¿ã π¯G¨Ù ÍÕË ÚÓ£òàÓã -- ‹àÓ¨ËÚ ‡á¨Ò ﬁºÇË ∫Æªã ‚°¨Ó „ü¡Ç ™Ë£áÏ£ô, (‡ÚòËôMÚ£˜òË¿Ç∞ ﬁ∂´ı Âº ™KÚ HÛÑC¨˘) -- ‡Ï˘Æ ‹¬ıàF° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ÓQäÜÏ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË˜£´Ù£ ‹ôÙ∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ÂÜ¥™Ò£àÓÒ£Ë´ı£ ‹ıòË˜£ô ‡Ìòâ∂ ™Ë£ú˜äÏ ∫ÆªÒ£? ∞Pä£Ë Ù ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ H°˘ò ‹ıò ÍÏı£Óã Òü¡ã ‹¬ıı£Ó MÒòÍ˘ã (Materialism and Empirio -Criticism) ‚°¯ Óà∂ı£òàÓ ∂¨¯Jô ËºàÓ£å¨ı ‹ıò ‚øFÚ ´£∂, ﬁâÓ M˘£ ™Ó£Ïò£Ë ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌ ›å¨ı ™ÙQ° ´Òü™Ë£áÏ£ò. ™ÙQ° ‚øFÚÓ£ı∂: "‚àÓ¨ËÚ CÇËôËú G¨¯âÓ ÍÕË ‡ºı£ÇËàFΩã, ∞Pä£Ë ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ÍÕË ‡ºı£ÇËàFô Ó£ÉËú Âºı´Û£¥ Âºıò ™Ë£ú¿ã ÍÕËà™Ó£ÏòHô ÒÇËú ‚àÓ¨ËÚ ÍÕË ‡¯æËú ‹¨ÒÇËä¥A°¯˘, ‚àÓ¨ËÚ ÍÜÏÉËO° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‹¨ı ‹HMºàFÚ¨ÏA°¯˘ ‚°¨Óä üPÚ Ô˘¨ı ™Ë£áÆºÇËMô¨Ù. ‡Ó£ÛÌÒ£Ë Âº MıÍ£J Ó°¬¨ÏÚ Ó£QÚà¨Ó Mü∞ã´£∂, ‡ÙËÑ Íâ¨ÓJô ‡ÙË Ó£QÚ ‡üàFÚ£˜ºÏ˘£˘ "‡¯æÇ∞ú" ∏¨ˆâÓ£Ωã ‹∂ üPÚFô ‹ıò Ô˘ı£Ë ﬁô¨Ù; ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ KıòàÓ¨˘J° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‚àÓ¨ËÚ ÍÕË ‡¯æËú ‡ºı£ÇËä¥A°¯˘ ‚°∂ üPªã ‹ıò Ô˘ı£Ë ﬁô¨Ù. ÍÕË Ô˘æ ‚°∂ ÍÕË ﬁºäH° HÛFLä£∞ã; ‹∂Ó£° Ò£òÇCÍ ÆäH¨˘Ú£∞ã. Âº HÛFLäπ AÜÏàÓÜÏ HÛFLÇËä¥ıF° ‡á¨Ò ÔËÙ£Ë ﬁºÇËÇ √¥ã, ›˘£ô ∫üPΩã ÂàÓÓ£˘ Ó°¨Òª¨ÏÚ∂ ‚˘Ç √¡ı∂ ‹àÓÒ£˘∂."[24]

"...‡ÙËä ™£º˜£Ó£Û ∫¨¯Jô ‡ú˜ Âö™ı£º ÓQ ‡üàFÚ£˜ºã ‹ıò Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‡üàF∫¨¯Jô „´Ó£ Âºı¨ËÚ£˘ ™Ó£ˆ§Ù¢∏µÇË Ò£¯¢¯Ó¢¨Ó ‹P∫Ëä¥àFA´¯£ã ‚°¨Ó ‡Ìòâ∂ú˜£ò; Âö™ı£º ‡K¨ÒÚ£˜ºã Ó£° CÙ ™£ºÜË¨˜ ‹¥àÓıòË¿ÇË£Ë KıàÓ¨˘ ™ÍåA´¯£ã ‚°¨Ó ‹Pı£ò; ›˘£ô ﬁâÓ ‡üàFÚ£˜òË¿ã, ‡K¨ÒÚ£˜òË¿ã ﬁöı£¡ Ó£ÉËú ™Íåªã´£∂ ÍÕË ﬁºä¨ Ó£ã Ò£ü¡A´¯£ã ‚°¨Ó ‡ÌòıFô¨Ù. ‡ÙË ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ™£º˜£Ó£ÛàFô ﬁºÇ∞ã ‹ıòËO° ‹¨˘à∂ A¨˜MÏôËOΩã ‡ú˜ ﬁâÓ Ò£¡ÓôËO° ™Ò£àÓÇ √Ü¥à™Ó£¨Ë, ‚ø∂ Ò£òÇvË˜£Ωã√Ï ‡ÌÛäÏ ∫ÆÚ£Ó¨ı. IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ M˚Úã ‚°˘ ‚°¯£ô, ﬁâÓ Ò£¡ÓôËO° π¯G¨Ù ÓòÇËàF˘∂ã, ‹ıüP° ıÛÙ£ü¡ ı˜òÑCJ˘∂ã ∫ÇAÚ, ‹Æä¨Ï C¯äHÚôπËú, ﬁâÓä π¯G¨Ù ‚°∂ Ô˘ı£˘ ›ÜË¨˜ ™Ë£á¥ú˜, ÒÇË¨˜ ™Ë£á¥ú˜ Âº ÍÕÓ£Úã, Ô˘ı£˘ ﬁºàÓLQ°¡ ≤ÓâFÛÒ£˘Ó£Ë ﬁºÇË ∫Æªã ı˜òÑCÚ¨ÏÚ ∫Æªã ‚°¯ ™£ºOô ﬁôÙ£Òô, (‹àÓ¨ËÚ C¡M˚ÚÉËOôÓ£° Bogdanov ‹ıº¨ÏÚ "Óà∂ıà¨Ó" üP ıLª¡à∂A¯£ò) Ò£¯£Ë ÍÕË ﬁºäπ ‚°∂ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ÍÕË Ô˘Mô ﬁºâ∂ ≤ÓâFÛÒ£˘Ó£Ë ﬁºÇA°¯∂ ‚°¯ ‹òàÓàFô ™ıOä¥àÓä¥ã. Âºıò Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ™ÍÚ¨Ùä πKâ∂™Ë£á¥, ∞ˆâ¨ÓË¨˜ ™ü¡Ç ™Ë£á¥, ™£ºÜË¨˜ ‡üàF ™Íå∂, KıòàÓ¨˘ ™ÍåA¯£ò ‚°¯ ‡á¨Ò π¯G¨Ù gFÚ£˘, ´Ó¨ıÚ£˘ ÍÉALà ™Ó£Ïò ´£°¯ ı˜òÑCÇ∞ Ë£ÛÌÒ£A°¯∂ ‚°∂ Hâ¨ÓÚıÛ£ô ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë ‹PÚä¥ıFô¨Ù. ÒQÓ∞ÙàF° IË ‡ÚòâÓ E ﬁâÓä ™£º˜£Ó£Û KÌ£ÒàF° π¯G¨Ù ÓòÇËà¨Ó (‹Ó£ı∂ ÍÕË ı£õM° ı˜òÑC¨Ú); ‹Ó° ™£∂ı£˘ Òü¡ã ‹Æä¨Ï √¡£¥ËOô ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£úıÓ£∞ã; ‹ä™£ø∂Ó£° ‹Óü∞ „ü ÂºıK° ÍÕË Ô˘¨ı, ‹¨˘à∂ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Ô£¥ËOô ‡ú˜ ∫°´˘PÚ ıòÇËÉËO° Ô˘¨ı, ‡¡FÚ£Ë, ™ÓOı£Ë, MÒòÍ˘ gFÚ£˘ £EJô πKâ∂ ™Ë£úı∂ Í£àFÚÒ£∞ã." [25]

ÒÇËú ´ı¨ÙÇ∞ ™ÍôΩã ™£ø∂, ﬁâÓ ‹˜Mü∞ ‡ÙA° IËäÛâÓ ‡ÙËä™£º˜£Ó£Û ﬁ¨Ïà™Ó£Ïòπ ı¨ÙÇ∞ú ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ´ı¨Ù IËÑCPÚ √¡£¥ ‚°¨Ó ‚âÓ ‹˜Mü∞ ‹Pâ∂ú˜˘ò? IË πàFÍ£LàÓ˘Ò£˘ ™Ó£NÙ£O√Ï Ó°¬¨ÏÚ E, Ó°¬¨ÏÚ G¡ı˘ã, Ôi˘ Ô£¥ËÏâÓ ‡üàF Òü¡ã ´Í¨ıËO˘∂ã ™£ºÜËO˘∂ã KıòàÓ¨˘ ıNı¨ËJô ‚äÉA¨˘Ç ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂ ‚°∂üP ™ÓOıü¯ ı¨ËJôÓ£° ‹PâFºä£ò ‚°¨Ó GÚ£ÚÒ£Ë ·Aà∂Ç™Ë£ú˜Ù£ã. ‹´Ó´£ô Âº ÓQàÓ ™Ó£NÙ£O Íòı´ÓÍ ÕÙÓ˘ GFÚàF° πFòË¨˜ ·¥ºM ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú¿Ó´Ù£, ‡ÙË £∂Ë£äπ GFÚÉËO° (Global hedge funds) É∞ üP´Ú£, ‚öMÓàFô ôÙ£JÛã IôLÚ°ËÌÇË£˘ ÒFäπ¨ÏÚ GFÑ™Í£à∂ÇËú ‹ÆÇËÆ ·¥ºı ∫ÆÚ£Ó Òü¡ã ﬁÛËCÚÒ£˘ ıNËOô ‹°¯£Ïã Íòı´ÓÍ ‚ô¨ÙË¨˜ ËÏÇA°¯˘ ‚°∂ üPªã ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú¿ã G¨ÙJô ﬁô¨Ù (CÙ ´ÔÛÉËOô ﬁà∂¨¯J° ıôΩ˘òË¿Ç´Ë ﬁ∂ ™ºã πFÛ£∞ã). ÓüË£Ù ∫ÓÙ£OàÓı ‡üàF, ıEËã, GFÚã ﬁıü¨¯ä üPÚ ‡á¨ÒË˜£˘∂, ™ºG¡ı˘ Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô Ó¨ÙıòËú ™ºã ›åæG¨ÙÚÉËO° ›åæË¨˜ªã, ›´Ù£Í¨˘¨Úªã ´ËÜ∞Ò£¡ Í£òâFºÇË ´ıáÆÚ ‹˜æÇ∞ ™ºã CÇËô ı£åâÓ¨ıÚ£Ë ﬁºÇA°¯˘, ‹ö›åæG¨ÙÚÉË¿ã ÓÉË¿Ç∞ A¨Ïà∂ú˜ πúO MıÛÉËú üPà ÓÉË¿Ç∞ú´˜´Ú ÙÓÏ¨ı Ëºà∂ ´ı¡£¥Ë¨˜Ç ™Ë£á¥ú˜˘.

›˘£ô ıòÇË Ô˘æ üPÚ HÛÑC¨˘, CÇËô G¨¯âÓ ÓüË£Ù ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£õM¨˘ ‡Ìòâ∂, ‹ıü¨¯ ‡úkòà∂Ç™Ë£úıFô ‡ú˜ ﬁÏò£¥Ë¨˜MÏÇ √¥ÓÙ£Ë ﬁºÇA¯∂. ﬁ°¬ã ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£˘, ﬁ°PÚ¨ÒÚ£Ó ÒÜÏàFô, ∫øà ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ã, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ıòÇËàFü∞ã ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ‡¯æ Âº π¯ã ﬁºÇË, ÓQà ™Ó£NÙ£OÇ∞ã ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ∫ÓÙ£OÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ‡¯M° ∂ôLÚÒ£˘ Ó°¨Ò πÙ°Ëú ÕÙ´Ò£, ‡Ï˘Æ ‹¬ıàF˘£´Ù£ ‹PÚ ﬁÚÙ£∂, ‹PÚäÏæã ∫ÆÚ£∂.

Ó£° ≤ÛáÏä¥A´¯£ã ‚°Fô ÔãHÇ¨ËªüPºÇ∞ã Êò ›á ‹ôÙ∂ ™á ™Ó£NÙ£O√Ï ‹âÓà ÓQ ‹¬ıàF° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ≤ÛáÏL° ÍÕË-™£º˜£Ó£Û ™ÍÚü£ÜÆ° ‹ÆàÓ˜àFô ﬁºÇ∞ã Ó°¨Ò¨Ú ‡úı£ÉA ‡ÌÛ ∫ÆÚ£∂. ´ÒΩã ≤ÛáÏô ‚°F° Ëºà∂äÆıã, Ó˘Ç∞ä ´£FÚ ·FÚã ıˆÉËäÏMô¨Ù ‚°¯ ﬁÚô£˘ ‡ÌòM° ÕÙã ÒÜ¥´Ò ‚OÓ£Ë ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú˜äÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂. Âº ´ı¨ÙÇ∞ Ò¬¨ıä ÃòàF™Íåªã ™Ó£NÙ£O Ó£° Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‡¨ˆäπÑ ÍÇF¨Ú MüÓü∞ ∫°ıºA´¯£ã ‚°¨Ó ‡ÌòıFô¨Ù; ‹ôÙ∂ ﬁâÓà ÓQÑC¯äπ ı£åâÓ ‡¨ˆäπ ÍÇFÚ£˘∂ ‹∂ ı£ÉËä¥ã M¨Ù¨Ú (·FÚà¨Ó) MÏÇ √¥ÓÙ£˘ ÒFäπà™Ó£¨Ë¨Ú ‡ºı£Ç∞ã á¨Ç ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂, ﬁÙ£ã ‚°∂ ﬁâÓ ‡¨ˆäπ ÍÇFJ° M¨ÙÇ∞ã, ‡¨ˆäπÍÇF ´Ó£ü¡MÇ∞ã ÒFäHü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ MàFÚ£ÍàFô ﬁºâ∂ ™¯ä¥A¯∂ ‚°¨Ó ‡ÌòıFô¨Ù.

‹´Ó´£ô, Âº ™Ó£NÙ£OÇ∞ Âº áÏà¨Ó Âº ∞PäHÜÏ M¨ÙÇ∞ ı£É∞ã´£∂, ‹âÓ KıòàÓ¨˘J° Í£Ûã ™£ºÜË¿Ç∞ ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ‡¯¨ı™Ú£ÜÆ ‹ôÙ (Âº ´Ë£Ü ‹ôÙ∂ ´ı¡ Âº áÏã Âº ∞PäHÜÏ ™Ó£¨ËÇ∞ ı£ÉËä¥ã´£∂), ÒÇË¿Ç∞ ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ‡¯¨ı ÂÜÆÚ∂ ‚°¡ ™ÓKÚ£∂. ‡á¨ÒJô, ‹ıºÇ∞ ÌàF° ﬁÚô£˘ Ó°¨Ò; ıÛÙ£ü¡gFÚ£Ë ÒFäH° ıÆıàF° ™ıOä£Ï£Ë ‹∂ ´Ó£°PÚ¨Ó, ‡üàFªã KıòàÓ¨˘ªã ‡ÙËÒÚÒ£ÇËäÜ¥ú˜ Í∫Ó£ÚàFô, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Í∫Ó£ÚàF° ‹ÆàÓ˜àFô ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ‡¯æË¨˜ Ò¨¯Ç∞ã ËºMÚ£Ë ‹∂ ‚öı£¡ Ú°¥àÓä¥ı∂ ‚°ıü¨¯ä πKâ∂ ™Ë£ú˜ ∫ÆÚ£∂.

Ô£° ﬁä™£ø∂ √PÇ™Ë£áÆºä¨ı Ò£òÇC° IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ÀÙ£˘ ÕÙÓ˘àF° Óà∂ı£òàÓ - ÒQÓ ‹PM° ‹ÆàÓ˜àFü∞ ™£∂ ∫°¬¨ÛÚ£Ë Ú°¥àÓäÏÙ£ã. ∫Óô ™Ó£∞FJ° ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ∫Óô ‹àFÚ£ÚàF° ﬁ¡Fä HKMô Ò£òÇv Ó°¬¨ÏÚ áÏ ıN£¥ (Commodity fetishism) ‚°∂ üPÚ ´Ë£Ü£Ü¨Ï ‹P∫Ëä¥à∂A¯£ò; ‹∂ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ÍÕËàFü∞ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ‡¯æËOô Ë£Ìä¥ã πFK° π¯G¨Ù ÕÙà¨Ó M˜Ç∞A¯∂; ‹Ó£ı∂ „° ﬁâÓ ∞PäHÜÏ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ∫¨¯Jô ÒÇË¿Ç∞ ﬁ¨Ï´ÚÚ£˘ ÍÕ ‡¯æËú ™£ºÜË¿ÇA¨Ï´ÚÚ£˘ ‡¯æË¨˜ä ´£ô ﬁ°PÚ¨ÒÚ£Òô ´Ó£°¡A¯∂ ‚˘Ç ∞PäH¥A¯£ò. πÙ°Ëú ‡Ìòæ Òü¡ã ‡Ï˘Æ ‹¬ıã ›AÚıüP° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‚âÓä ™£ºO° ÒFäπã, ‹Ó° ‡üàFÇË£Ë ™ÍÙMÏäÜ¥ú˜ ÒQÓ ‡¨ˆäπÑÍÇFJ° ‡¡Fä¥àÓäÜÏ ™ıOä£¥ ‚°¡ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿Ç∞ ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£Ë ™ÓKÚ£∂, ™ÓKÚæã ∫ÆÚ£∂. ÒFäH° ıÆı¨ÒäH° (Value Form) π¯G¨ÙJÙ£˘ Í£Ûà¨ÓÇ Ëá¥HÆàÓ¨ÒÚ£˘∂ MÖÎ£˘ CâÓ¨˘Jô Âº ıÛÙ£ü¡ ¨ÒôËôÙ£∞ã. ﬁâÓÇ Ëá¥HÆäπ ﬁôÙ£MÆ°, ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàFô π¯G¨ÙÚ£˘ ÍÕË-™£º˜£Ó£Û ‹ÆàÓ˜ÉË¨˜ üP´Ú£ ‹ôÙ∂ ‹ıüP° πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘ M¨˜æË¨˜ üP´Ú£ Âº´£∂ã πKâ∂ ™Ë£áÆºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂.

Ó£° ı£øã ÂøÉ∞∫¨¯J° ÍÕË M¨˜æË¨˜ üP Âº ™Ó£NÙ£O ‚àÓ¨ËÚ ™ı¡ä¨ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£Ωã, ‡Ï˘Æ ‹¬ıàF° ‹Æä¨ÏJô, ‹Ó° ´Ó£ü¯ã, ‹Ó° ‡ú∫Ûá£¥Ëú ‹ôÙ∂ ıÛÙ£ü¯˜Mô ıÛãHü∞ÜÜÏ ‹Ó° ﬁºäH° Ó°¨Ò ›AÚıü¨¯ ‹ıò ‡Ìòâ∂ ™Ë£ú˜Ç √ÆÚ G¨ÙJô ﬁô¨Ù. ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‡üàF ∫¨¯J° ∫Ûá£¥Ë¨˜ ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú¿Óô, ÕÙÓ˘àFü∞ã √L ‡¨ˆäHü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú GÙæã ≤Ûá¥ã Ó°¨Òª¨ÏÚ ‡¯æ, ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ÓMòÇË ∫ÆÚ£Ó Ó°¨Ò, ‹Ó° πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘ M¨˜æËú, ›AÚ¨ı ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ MÖÎ£˘ÃòıÒ£˘ EJ° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ﬁºâ∂ ‚øâÓ¨ı; ﬁıü¡Ï° Ò£òÇC° ™Úò ‚ÇË£ÙàFΩã H¨ÌâFºÇ∞ã. ﬁâÓ MÖÎ£˘àF° ÕÙã ™¯äÜ¥ú˜ ‹Pæ, ﬁâÓ ‹PM° Í£Ó¨˘ ‹Ó° MKı£ÇËàFô ™Ó£Ïòπ¨ÏÚ ›åæ ∫¨¯Ú£˘∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ú ‹P∫Ëä¥àÓäÏ ´ıá¥ã. ‹∂Ó£° Âº πÛÜCÇ ËÜCJ° EÚ£∞ã.

™ÙQ° Êò ´ÒôÓÜÆ˘ò (Èlitist) ‚°¯£ô, ˆÉË£Ù ÕÏ ÔãHÇ¨ËËO° ËÌÇAÙÏÉË£ ıÆı¨ÒäπÇË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë MÖÎ£˘Ãòı ‡á¨Ò ‚°¯ Ó£¨ËJô ´£KÜÏıòËú ‹¨˘ıºÇ∞ã ‹´Ó ∫àF¨Û ™£PÇËäÏ ´ıá¥ã. ÒQÓòË¿¨ÏÚ Ò˘ÉËOô ﬁºÇ∞ã ‹PÚ£¨Ò, ™Ë£¥É´Ë£°¨Ò ﬁıüP° Âö™ı£º ıÆı¨ÒäHü∞ã ‡¡FÃáÏ, G¨ÙàÓ ‚Fòä¨à Ó£° Ë£Ü¥´ı° ‚°¡ ´Ó£Òv ™¸òÍ° ‚øÓMô¨ÙÚ£? ‡ÚòÓÜÆ˘ò ‚°¯ ∞ü¯ÑÍ£Ü¥ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô ËÙ£ÑÍ£Û ‹P™ı£O¨Ú ﬁNæ¥àF, ‹Ó°ÕÙã ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¨˜ ‹ıòË¨˜ ≤Ûá¥ıòËO° ÓÚMü∞ MÜ¥MÏÇ √¡ıòËú ‹¨˘ıò e∂ã ≤ÒàÓäÏ ´ıá¥ã;

ﬁ¡FÚ£Ë, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Í∫Ó£ÚàFü∞ú´˜ Ó°QÚô£å ‡ºı£ÇËä¥ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË Ô˘M° Ù ıÆıÉË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏã ‹ıCÚã Òü¡ã £KÚ ™ÍåF ·ÏËàF° HÛÑÍ£Ûä dÛÉAJ° Ó£Ç∞ÓL° Wõ ﬁNı£˘ ™£∂ÇËºà¨Ó ‡ºı£Ç∞ÓΩÇ∞ ‹ıò Ë£ÜÆÚ M´Û£Óä ´£Ç∞ ﬁÛá¥ã "¸˘Ô£ÚË ‚Fòäπ¨ÏÚ∂", „° "Íòı£FË£ÛàÓ°¨Ò ¨ÏàÓ∂" ‚°¡ √¯ä¥ã ∞ü¯ÑÍ£Ü¥Ç¨˜äüP Ëı˘ã ™ÍΩà∂´ı£ã. ﬁâÓÇ ∞ü¯ÑÍ£ÜÆ° ‹ÆàÓ˜àFô ﬁºä∂ Âº ı¨ËÚ£˘ ÍÕË ËÍäπ, ‹∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô, ıÛÙ£ü¡ ÔÙ°Ëú ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï Ë£µA°¯, Âº Ò£¡ÜÏ, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã ‹ü¯ ı¨ËJÙ£˘ ™£∂ÇËºà∂ ıÆıà¨Ó „ü¥à∂ıÓüË£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËàF° ∫ÚüCÚ£ô …áÆ MÏäÜÏ, ‹Ó° ıòÇË ÔÙ°Ë¿Ï¬ã, ÍÕË Óä™áÌÉË¿Ï¬ã Â°P¨Ìâ∂ú˜∂.

™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF¨Ï´Ú ıòÇË Ô˘¨ı ı˜òäÓü∞ Ò£òÇCÍ ﬁÚÇËàF° ∫ÚüCJô √¯äÜ¥ú˜ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ™ÍÚôFÜÏà¨ÓMÏ ›õâÓ Ó°¨Ò ‡¨ÏÚ ™ÍÚôFÜÏã „∂ã A¨ÏÚ£∂. Ó°¬¨ÏÚ MÖÎ£˘ ‹Æä¨Ï¨Ú ™Ë£áÏ ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏà¨Ó ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF¨Ï´Ú ™ÙQ° "FEÇËMô¨Ù". Ò£¯£Ë, 1917 GËõæË¿Ç∞ ∫°π 25 ›á¥Ë˜£Ë ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‹ÛCÚô ¨ÏäπÇËú ‹¨˘à∂ã ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ∫ü´£ÇË£˘ HKæË¨˜ MÖÎ£˘à ÓÛàFü∞ ‡Úòà∂ıÓü∞àÓ£° ∫üÜÏ˘. ‹Fô ‹ıºÇ∞ã ´£ôSMÇ ËÜCÇ∞ã ™ıüP AÜÆÚ∂. ﬁâÓä EJô ‹ıò πKâÓ Í£Ó¨˘ üP ´¸£° gÜ ∞PäH¥A¯£ò: "Âº Mâ¨ÓÚ£˘ ÒÇËú Ó¨Ùıò; Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‹PM° ∫øà Ó°¨ÒJ˘£ô ‡ÚòâÓıò ... Âº v…ÙÒ£˘ G¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ›Û£å¨ËJô ›õâÓ Ëºà∂ÇË¨˜ ‚O¨ÒÚ£Ë πKÚ¨ıÇËÇ √ÆÚ ›ü¯ô G¨¯âÓıò. ﬁâÓ ∏áÒ£˘∏¨ˆπÙà∂Ï°, ÒËàÓ£˘ πàFpMàÓ˘Ò£˘ ™ºâbÛà¨Óªã ™Ë£áÆºâÓıò." [26]

™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFÏã ´Í£ÍLÍ Ô˘¨ı ™Ë£á¥ ™ÍôÙ´ıáÆÚ ´Ó¨ı¨Ú ∫ÓLô ‹PMàÓıò ™ÙQ° ‹ôÙ. ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı£FËú "Ó°QÚôπ √¡£Ü¨Ï" ™º¨Òä¥àFÚ¨Ó ‹ıò ËáÆàÓ∂ Ò£òÇC° ÕÙÓ˘à¨Ó ›õâ∂ ÆàÓF° M¨˜æ, Òü¡ã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã Êò ‡üàF ∫¨¯ ‚°¯ ı¨ËJô ‡¯æË¨˜ ‚öı£¡ ÒÇËO¨Ï´Ú G¡MÚ∂, ‹âÓ ∫¨¯ ‡á¨ÒÚ£Ë ÍÕË gFJô ´ıœ°PÚ ≤ÛáÏô ﬁÚÉ∞∫¨¯¨Ú ‚äÆ Ò¨¯àÓ∂ ‚°¨Óªã ‹ıò πKâ∂™Ë£áÆºâÓ¨Ó Ë£Ü¥A¯∂. Êò ‹ÛCÚô CâÓ¨˘Ú£˜ò ‚°¯ ∫¨¯Jô ™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ ÓQÑC¯äπ, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF¨Ï´Ú Ô˘¨ı π∞àÓ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ‹ıò ıLª¡àFÚÓ£ô ıÛMô¨Ù --ﬁ∂ ‰´Û£ä£ ∫øı∂ã Ò£òÇCÍı£FË˜£ô ÛâÓ ‹˜Mô „üËÜÆºâÓ∂; Ò£¯£Ë ‹ıò ‚öı˜æ ‡¡FªÏ¬ã, ‹ÚÛ£ÒΩã ﬁâÓ ›¨Ì¨Ú HÛ´Ú£AàÓ£ò Òü¡ã ‹FLºâ∂ ™Ó£¨Ù´Ô£ÇË£˘ M¨˜æË¨˜ ™Ë£¥Ç∞ã ‹ÛCÚô, ‹¨Òäπ ∫¨¯JÙ£˘ ∫ÆæË¨˜ ‚¥àÓ£ò ‚°FôÓ£° ﬁºâÓ∂.

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Notes:

[24] Collected Works, Volume 14 (Progress Publishers, 1977), p. 323 (italics in the original).

[25] Ibid, p. 325 (italics in the original).

[26] Ten Days That Shook the World (Penguin, 1977), p. 128.