Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done? Part 4

WSWS :Tamil : ıÛÙ£¡

Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?

Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨Û: ´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ´ıá¥ã?

∞F 1 | ∞F 2 | ∞F 3 | ∞F 4 |∞F 5|∞F 6|∞F 7

By David North
9 September 2005

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ﬁ∂ ''´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã? ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ›CKÚò ∞øà Ó¨Ùıò ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òàF˘£ô, IÑCË° ‹° ›òKô, ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ´Ë£¨Ï úOJô, ›ËvÜ 14 ∫Óô ›ËvÜ 20 ı¨Û GËõàFÚ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛJ° Ô£°Ë£ã ∞FÚ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨Û „ø ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOıºã.

ﬁ∂ ﬁäúOJô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛÚ£∞ã. "ÛwÚ£ä πÛÜCªã ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° bòÇËäÏ£Ó ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿ã" ‚°¯ ∫Óô MKæ¨Û ›ÉAÙàFô ›ËvÜ 29ô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÍäÏãò 1 ı¨Û Ô£°∞ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ MKæ¨ÛÚ£˘ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫â¨ÓÚ ™£øFô Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ FºàÓôı£Óã" ‚°∂ Õ°¡ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ÍäÏãò 2, 4 Òü¡ã 5 ›AÚ ´ÓFËOô ›ÉAÙàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨ÛË¿ã ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ‹OàÓ¨ı´Ú.

‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ´ıá¥ã?

™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ HÛ≤Ûã ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı£Ó ´£ÇA˘£ô, ‹Ó£ı∂, ‚Üı£òÜ ´ò°v¨Ï¨˘ ÛwÚ£Mô H°ü¡ıòË˜£ô "MÒòÍ˘ ≤ÓâFÛàFüË£Ë'' ‚øää ™ü¯ ´Ë£KÇ¨Ë¨Ú üP ›Û£åıFô ›ÛãHÇA¯∂. ÒÛπıN Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó Ë£äıòËú, Òü¡ã ÒÛπıN Ë£ä£˜òËú e∂ FÜÏIÜÏ Óà∂ı£òàÓ Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô Ó£Ç∞Ó¨Ù ÔÏ£àF ıâÓ FºàÓôı£ÓàF˘ò ‚°¯ ﬁº HKM˘Û£˘ Íòı´ÓÍ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËà¨Ó H°ü¡´ı£K¨Ï´Ú ‚øâ∂ú˜ Yü¯I∞ ÃÍL° ‡ú˜ÏÇËàFô IËæã ¸˘Ô£ÚËã I∞âÓ∂ã ËıòÑCËÛÒ£˘∂Ò£Ë ´Ó£°¡ã ﬁâÓ ´Ë£˚à¨Ó ∫ÓÙ£ıÓ£Ë ›Û£åA¯£ò.

´¸òÒ° ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËÜCJ° ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏ ‹ÆàÓ˜ÉËú üPÚ ´ò°v¨ÏQ° Óà∂ı£òàÓ FºàÓôËú H™ÛÖ≤ ´Í£ÍLvÜ ‹™ÙÇÍ£áÏò Iô™Ù™ÛáÜ, ¸˘£FF ı£ô™ÏÇ-œv´˙£ ﬁ° ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàFô ´ÍòâÓFô Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ÓòÇËgFÚ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï ËáÏ∂ ‚°¡ ∞PäHÜÏ ™ÙQ°, "MÒòÍ˘ ≤ÓâFÛã'' ‚°∂ ﬁıòË¨˜ ™£¡àÓı¨ÛJô ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFô ÍâÓòäı£Ó ´£ÇAü∞ ı¨Ë ™ÍåA¯∂, ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËà¨Ó YòFºàÓ∫¨¯JÙ£˘ Âº ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCÚ£Ë Ò£ü¡ıÓü∞ ı¨Ë ™ÍåA¯∂, ´Í£ÍLÍàFü∞ú ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı CâÓ¨˘Ë¨˜ªã √¡£¥Ë¨˜ªã ∏¨ˆäÓü∞ ı¨Ë ™ÍåA¯∂" ‚°¡ ∞PäHÜÏ£ò. [8]

ﬁâÓÇ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËÇ∞ M¨ÏJ¡Ç¨ËJô, MÒòCäÓüË£˘ FºàÓôı£FËO° ‡K¨Ò¨Ú ‚ıºã Ò¡ÇËMô¨Ù ‚°¡ √P˘£ò. ›˘£ô ‹´Ó´£ô ﬁıòË¿¨ÏÚ MÒòÍ˘à¨Ó GÛ£ËKÇ∞ã ‡K¨Òªã Ò£òÇCv¥Ë¿Ç∞ ‡á¥ ‚°¡ã, ´ÒΩã πÛÜCËÛ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËà¨Ó Âº YòFºàÓ ﬁÚÇËÒ£Ë Ò£ü¡ã ∫ÚüCÇ∞ ‚FÛ£Ëä ´£K¥ã ‡K¨Òªã Ò£òÇCÍı£FË¿Ç∞ ‡á¥ ‚°¯£ò.

ÛwÚ£Mô ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı£Ó ´£ÇA° ´Ó£ü¯ÉË¨˜ ≤ºÇËÒ£Ë KYLàÓ H°˘ò, Óà∂ıã üPÚ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿Ç∞ ‹∂ ™£∂ı£ËÇ Ë£Ü¥ã ‹ÙÜCÚä ´£Ç¨Ë üP ™ÙQ° ∞PäH¥A¯£ò. ‹ıò ´ÒΩã, ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı£FËú "™ı∞ı£Ë „üPä ´£üPÇ ™Ë£ú˜ä¥ã MÒòÍ˘ ≤ÓâFÛã Âº Óà∂ıàFü∞ FÙ£Ë ´ı™¯£º Óà∂ıà¨Ó ¨ıä¨Ó ‡ÌòàÓMô¨Ù, ∫ø¨Òı£åâÓ∂ã CâÓ¨˘Ñ™ÍPæã ‡ú˜ Óà∂ıã ∫øıFQ°¡ã ≤ÓâFÛã ´ıá¥ı¨Ó´Ú ‡Ìòà∂A¯∂; ‹∂ FÛÜ¥ı£Óà¨Óªã ´Ë£Ü£Æ°¨Ò¨Úªã ‡Ìòà∂A¯∂"[9] ‚°¡ √¡A¯£ò. ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËàF° Âº Ï¸° ´ı¨Ùà FÜÏÉË¨˜MÏ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ Ô¨Ï∫¨¯ gFÚ£˘ ∫°´˘ü¯´Ò ´ÒÙ£˘ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘∂ ‚°¯ Ò£òÇC° ‹PÇ¨Ë¨Ú, ‹Ó° ‡ú˜ÏÇËàFô ﬁºâ∂ HKà∂ ‚¥à∂ÇË£ÜÆ ﬁâÓ Óà∂ı£òàÓ ‹ÙÜCÚä´£Ç¨Ë FºàÓôı£FËú GÚ£Úä¥àÓ Ú°¥à∂A°¯˘ò ‚°¡ã ™ÙQ° ™ÓKMÇA¯£ò. "‹∂æã Óà∂ı£òàÓ gFJô ∞ˆäã GÙæã ﬁÇË£ÙÇËÜÏàFô ﬁÑ ™Í£üË¨˜ Ò¡Æªã √¡Óô" ‚°∂ "ÒÛÌiÜÆô ∂ÇËã ‹¬wÆäıòËOÏã eá¥ã eá¥ã ﬁ´Ó´£°¯ ËOä£˘ Ô£ÜËú ıºË" ‚°¡ √¡ıÓü∞ Âä£∞ã ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° M¨ÏJ¡àÓ£ò.

ﬁÓ°H°˘ò, "πÛÜCËÛ Óà∂ıã ﬁôÙ£Òô Âº πÛÜCËÛ ﬁÚÇËã ﬁºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂. ÍâÓòäı£Óà¨Ó HÛÑÍ£Ûã ™Íåı´Ó π∂ä£EÚ£Aä´£å ‹à∂Ï° Ô¨Ï∫¨¯ ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËJ° IË IËÇ ∞¡AÚ ıÆıÉËO° ´Òô ´Ò£Ë∫ã ¨Ë´Ë£òà∂Ç ™Ë£áÆºÇ∞ã Ë£ÙàFô ﬁ¨Ó ‚öı˜æ ÙÒ£Ë ıLª¡àF˘£Ωã Ó∞ã" ‚°∂ ‹˜MüËFËÒ£Ë ‹ÆÇËÆ ´Òü´Ë£ú Ë£ÜÏäÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¡ ‹ıò ‹PMàÓ£ò.[10] "I∞âÓ ∫ü´£ÇË£˘ Óà∂ıàÓ£ô ıNÔÏàÓä¥ã ËÜCÓ£°" ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿Ç∞ Âº πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘ Ó¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ™Ë£¥ÇË ∫Æªã ‚°¡ã, "ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£ÓàF° ÒËàÓ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ﬁÛá¥ (‹ÛCÚô ı¨ËäÜÏ∂, ™£º˜£Ó£ ı¨ËäÜÏ∂ ‚¬ã) ıÆıÉË¨˜ ‹ÉWËKä∂ ÔãI¨Ï´Ú Ô¨Ï£EÚ£Ë ‡ú˜´Ó, ‹∂´£ô ™ÍåÚMô¨Ù ‚É™Ëôv; ‹ıò Õ°¡ ıÆıÉË¨˜ ‹ÉWËKÇA¯£ò, ∫ÓLô ™Í£°˘ ﬁÛá¥ ıÆıÉË¿Ç∞ ÍÒÒ£Ë Óà∂ı£òàÓ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ¨ıÇA¯£ò" ‚°¡ ™ÙQ°, HÛ™ÏKÇ ‚ÉËô¨Í G¨˘æ√òA¯£ò.[11] "Ó˘Ç∞ ∫üÜÏÓ£˘ ´¸òÒ° Óà∂ıÎ£˘ã ﬁôÙ£Òô, ∞Pä£Ë ™˝ËL° Óà∂ıÎ£˘ã ﬁôÙ£Òô, ´¸òÒ° MÖÎ£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍã -MÖÎ£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍÒ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂ ‹∂ Â°¡Ó£°- ´Ó£°PJÛ£∂. ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO¨Ï´Ú Óà∂ı ‡Ìòæ ﬁôÙ£Òô MÖÎ£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍã ‹ıòËO° Í¨ÓJ¨Ù ﬁÛàÓàF´Ù ﬁ°¡ ·Pä´£JºÇA°¯ ‹˜æÇ∞ ´£JÛ£∂ ‚°¯ ‚ÉËôC° √ü¨¯ ™ÙQ° ´Òü´Ë£ú Ë£Ü¥A¯£ò.[12]

"‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã" ‚°¯ πàÓËàF° ﬁÛáÏ£ã HKMü∞ Ó¨Ùäπ ÒÇËO° Ó°QÚô£˘ ‚øÑCªã ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FËO° Ô˘æã" (The Spontaneity of the Masses and the Consciousness of the Social Democrats) ‚°Ó£∞ã. ﬁ∂ ™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ HÛ≤ÛàFô Íâ´ÓËàFüAÏIôÙ£Òô IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ∞FÚ£Ë ﬁºä´Ó£¥, ﬁä∞F IËÇ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ Ó£Ç∞Óô, Óı¯£˘ M˜ÇËÉËú ›AÚıüPü∞ ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£Òô ‡ÜÜÆºÇA¯∂. ﬁâÓä ∞FJô, Â°¡ÒPÚ£Ó ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF°e∂ Ó£¬ã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ Í£àFü∞ÜÜÏ ËÜCªã ÓÉËú ﬁºãπÇËÛ Íòı£FË£Ûà¨Ó ™ÍΩà∂ã Ô£ÜË¨˜ üP Ë˘¨ıÇ Ë£µã FIòHÆàÓ, ‡ÚòıòÇËà¨Ó Í£òâÓ, ÛâÓ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËOÏã ﬁËõæÌòæ ™Ë£á¥, ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ MºäπÇË¨˜ CP∂ã ÒFÇË£Òô, ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ‹°¯£ÏÇ ËwÏÉËú£ô M´Û£Óä ´£Ç¨Ë Ë£ÜÆ, ÓQäÜÏ ∫¨¯Jô ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó ™ÍΩàÓ ™ºã M¨ˆæ¨ÏÚıÛ£Ë ™ÙQ° ﬁFô Ó°¨˘ ™ıOÇË£ÜÆÇ™Ë£úA¯£ò ‚°¡ ÔÒÇ∞ ‹ÆÇËÆ √¯ä¥A¯∂. ﬁâÓä HK¨ı √¥ÓÙ£˘ Ëı˘à∂Ï° ›Û£åı∂ ÔÒÇ∞ä Ù¨˘ ‹OÇ∞ã.

Âº π¯àFô Ò£òÇCÍàFü∞ã Âº πÛÜCÇ ËÜCÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ™Ó£ÏòH° Ó°¨Ò, Ò¡π¯ã, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËàF° Ó°QÚô£˘ ‚øÑC Òü¡ã ‹âÓ ﬁÚÇËàF° ´£ÇAô ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO¨Ï´Ú ı˜ºã ÍÕË Ô˘M° ıÆıÉËú ‚°¯ IË∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ HÛÑC¨˘ ™ÙQ˘£ô ∞ä£åæ ™ÍåÚäÜ¥ú˜∂. ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO¨Ï´Ú ı˜òÑCªü¯ Ô˘M° ıÆıÉËO° KÌ£Òà¨Ó ´ÓÆÇ Ëá¥HÆäÓ° ÕÙã ‹ıò ﬁä∞F¨Ú ›ÛãHÇA¯£ò; ∫ÓLô 1860 ËOΩã 1870ËOΩã ıòÇË ´Ò£ÓôËO° ›Ûã ™ıOÇË£ÜÏôË¿Ï° ﬁäHKæ ™Ó£ÏÉ∞A¯∂.

‹ÇË£ÙàFÚ ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË˜£ô ﬁÚâFÛÉËú ‹NÇËäÏΩÏ° ÍãâÓäÜÏ, IËäH°ÓÉAÚ Ó°¨Ò¨Ú ™Ë£áÆºâÓ˘. ÔãHÇ¨ËJ°¨ÒÚ£ô ‡âÓäÜ¥, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ A˜òÑC ‚øÑCJ° ÍÕË, ıòÇËà Ó°¨Ò¨Ú üP ‚öMÓ ‹Pæã ﬁ°P, ﬁâÓ Ó°QÚô£˘ ™ıÆäπÇËú ıòÇË Ô˘¨ı "Ëº ıÆMôÓ£°" ™ıOä¥àF˘. Õ°¡ ÓÍ£äÓÉË¿Ç∞ H°˘ò ı˜òÑCªüPºâÓ G¨Ù¨Ò, ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ı¨ËJô ∫°´˘PJºâÓ∂. ›ÛãË£Ù ´£Û£ÜÏÉË¿Ï° ÂäH¥¨ËJô, 1890ËO° ´ı¨Ù G¡àÓÉËú ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO¨Ï´Ú ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ı¨ËJô Ô˘M° ‡ÚòÒÜÏà¨Ó ™ÓOı£åÇË£ÜÆ˘. ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓÉËú IËæã ÂøÉ∞¥àÓäÜÆºâÓ˘ Òü¡ã ∫üPΩã MKı£˘ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËË¿ã √Ï ∫°™˘¥ÇËäÜÏ˘. ›˘ô ﬁâÓä ´£Û£ÜÏÉËOô ™ıOÇË£ÜÏäÜÏ Ô˘æ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË Ó°¨Ò¨ÚÇ Ë£ÜÆΩã ™Ó£NüÍÉË Ô˘ı£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂. ‹Ó£ı∂, ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓÉËú ‹ÛCÚô Ó°¨Ò G¨¯âÓ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËË¨˜ ‚øäMô¨Ù; ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿Ç∞ã ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË, ™£º˜£Ó£Û Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô ÂøÉAü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ÃÍL° ›õâÓ, ÍÒ£Ó£˘ä¥àÓ∫ÆÚ£Ó Ó°¨Ò¨Úä üPÚ Âº ‚ÑÍKÇ¨Ë¨Úªã ﬁâÓ ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓÉËú ™ıOä¥àÓMô¨Ù. ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú GÙæã ÍÕË ‹¨ÒäH° ËÜÏ¨ÒäHü∞ú ÓÉË˜∂ G¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ∫°´˘üPÇ ™Ë£ú˜M¨ˆâÓ˘ò.

™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° Ó°QÚô£˘ ﬁÚÇËã Ó£˘£Ë´ı, "Ó°QÚô£Ë´ı," ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË, ‹Ó£ı∂ πÛÜCËÛ Ô˘ı£Ë ‹HMºàFÚ¨ÏÚ ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¯ ‹òàÓàFô, ﬁâÓ ÒÜ¥ä£¥ ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£Ó´Ó. ﬁâÓÇ ËÜÏàFôÓ£° Ù¨Ûªã ËáÏ˘ã ™ÍåıÓü∞ …áÆÚ ı£Óà¨Ó ™ÙQ° ‹P∫Ëä¥à∂A¯£ò. ‹ıò ‚ø∂A¯£ò:

"™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO¨Ï´Ú ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË Ô˘æ ﬁºâFºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¡ ™Í£°´˘£ã. ‹∂ ™ıOJLºâ∂Ó£° ‹ıÛÇË¿Ç∞Ç ™Ë£á¥ıÛäÏ´ıá¥ã. £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËã Ó˘∂ ™Í£âÓ ∫ÚüCËú ÕÙÒ£Ë ™Ó£NüÍÉË Ô˘æ ÒÜ¥´Ò - ‹Ó£ı∂ ™Ó£NüÍÉËÉËOô Â°¡¥ı∂, ∫ÓÙ£OË¨˜ ‚Fòà∂ä ´£Û£¥ı∂ ‹ıCÚÒ£˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ÍÜÏÉË¨˜ G¨¯´ıü¡Ò£¡ ‹ÛÍ£ÉËà¨Ó ËÜÏ£Úä¥àÓ ∫Úôı∂, ∫ÓLÚıüP° ‹ıCÚà¨Ó üPÚ ∂Eπ ÒÜ¥´Ò - ı˜òà∂Ç™Ë£ú˜ ∫ÆA¯∂ ‚°¡ ‹¨˘à∂ Ô£¥ËO° ıÛÙ£¡ πÙä¥à∂A¯∂. ›˘£ô ´Í£ÍLÍàF° Óà∂ıã ™ÒåÚPæ ı¨ËäÜÏ, ıÛÙ£ü¡ ıNäÜÏ, ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı¨ËäÜÏ Óà∂ıÉËOLºâ∂ ı˜òâÓÓ£∞ã. ™Í£à∂ú˜ ıòÇËÉËO° HÛFGFËú, ‹PæpMËú, ‹ıü¨¯ ı∞à∂ M˜ÇA˘ò. Ôi˘ MÖÎ£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍàF° ÕÙıòË˜£˘ Ò£òÇ≤ã ‚É™Ëô≤ã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ıòÇË ‹PæpM ∞FJ˘¨ÛÑ ´ÍòâÓıòËú. ‹´Ó´£ô ÛwÚ£Mô, £ÜÏ£O ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËàF° Ó°QÚô£˘ ı˜òÑC´Ú£Ï°P ∫üPΩã ≤ÓâFÛÒ£Ë´ı ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ı£ÓàF° Óà∂ı£òàÓ ™Ë£ú¨ËıN ‚øâÓ∂; πÛÜCËÛ ´Í£ÍLÍ ‹PæpMä ∞FJ˘K¨Ï´Ú „üÜÏ CâÓ¨˘ ı˜òÑCJ° Âº ﬁÚô£˘, ÓMòÇËMÚÙ£Ó M¨˜ı£Ë ‹∂ ‚øâÓ∂."[13]

"Ò£òÇCÍàFü∞ã, Ó°QÚô£Ë ı˜òÑCÚ¨Ïªã ™Ó£NüÍÉËı£ÓàFü∞ã, ‹Ó£ı∂, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Ô˘Mü∞ã ﬁ¨ÏJÙ£˘ ‡¯¨ıä üPÚ ‹ıÛ∂ M˜ÇËàFü∞ ›ÓÛı£Ë ™ÙQ°, Ë£òô ËæÜvAJ° ÂäπÓô Ëºà∂ÇË¿Ï°, ›vFKÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËÜCJ° ı¨Ûæà FÜÏà¨Ó ´Òü´Ë£O¥A¯£ò.

"∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ı˜òÑC £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ‚áEÇ¨Ë¨Ú ‡ÚòàÓ ‡ÚòàÓ, £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ä ´£Û£Ï ´Ò°´ÒΩã GòâFÇËä¥A¯∂, ´Ò°´ÒΩã Ó∞F™¡A¯∂. ´Í£ÍLÍàF° Í£àFÚä£Ü¨Ïªã ‹ıCÚà¨Óªã üP £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËã Ô˘æ™Ë£úA¯∂. ﬁ∂ ÍãâÓÒ£Ë ´Í£ÍLÍ Ô˘æ £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ‹ıCÚÒ£˘, ´ÔÛÆÚ£˘ M¨˜æ ‚°¡ ´Ó£°¡A¯∂. ›˘£ô ﬁ∂ ∫üPΩã ™£å. Óà∂ıã ‚°A¯ ı¨ËJô ´Í£ÍLÍã, £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏã ´£Ù´ı- ÓüË£Ùä ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‡¯æ ∫¨¯ËOô ´ıò™Ë£áÆºä∂ã, ‹âÓ ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Óä ´£Ù´ı ‹∂æã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã ¨ÏàÓ ı¡¨Ò¨Úªã ÒÇËO° ∂ÚÛÉË¨˜ªã ‚FòÇ∞ã ´£Û£ÜÏàFLºâ∂ ™ıOà´Ó£°¡A¯∂ã ‡á¨ÒÓ£°. ›˘£ô, ´Í£ÍLÍ∫ã ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏ∫ã ‹ÇËãÇËÒ£Ë ‚øA°¯˘, Â°PLºâ∂ Òü™¯£°¡ ‚ˆMô¨Ù; Âö™ı£°¡ã ™ıö´ı¡ G¨Ù¨ÒËO° Wõ ‚øA°¯∂. Ôi˘ ´Í£ÍLÍ Ô˘ı£˘∂ ›õâÓ MÖÎ£˘ ‹PM° ‹Æä¨ÏJ´Ù´Ú ÒÜ¥´Ò ‚ˆ ∫Æªã. ‡á¨ÒÚ£Ë ™Í£°˘£ô, Ôi˘ Ë£Ù ™Ó£Nô∏ÜMÚô ´£Ù´ı (‚¥à∂ÇË£ÜÏ£Ë ™Í£ôA´¯£ã) ÓüË£Ù ™£º˜£Ó£Û MÖÎ£˘∫ã ´Í£ÍLÍ ‡üàFÇ∞ GâÓ¨˘Ú£∞ã; ‚öı˜æ Mºäã ﬁºâÓ´£FΩã ÍK, £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàÓ£ô ﬁıüPô ‚¨Óªã ¨ÏÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂. ﬁÛá¥ã ÓüË£Ù Í∫Ó£Ú GËõæä´£ÇALºâ∂ ‚øA°¯˘. MÖÎ£˘à¨Ó ‚¥à∂Ñ™ÍôΩã ı£Ë˘ã £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËÒôÙ, ∫ÓÙ£O ıòÇË ‹PæpMä ∞F´Ú (Ë£æàvA Í£åæ ‚øàFô ´£ÜÏ∂); ﬁâÓä ∞FJ° ÓQàÓQ ‡¡äH˘òËO° Câ¨ÓJ´ÙÓ£° Ôi˘Ë£Ù ´Í£ÍLÍã ´Ó£ü¯™Ò¥àÓ∂, ‹ıòËúÓ£ã ‹¨Ó ‹PæpMÓ ı˜òÑC™ü¯ £ÜÏ£OËOÏã ™Ë£á¥ ´£˘£òËú, ﬁıòËú ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ∫¨¯Ç∞, £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàF´Ù G¨Ù¨ÒËú ‹¬ÒFÇA°¯ ‹˜Mü∞, ‹¨Óä π∞à∂A¯£òËú. ‚˘´ı, ´Í£ÍLÍ Ô˘æ ‚˘äÜÏ∂ £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞ú ™ıOJô ﬁºâ∂ π∞àÓä¥A°¯ Â°¯£∞ã [von Aussen Hineingretagenes], ‡úOºâ∂ Ó°QÚô£Ë [urwuchsig] ´Ó£°PÚ Â°¯ôÙ. ‹Ó°Æ´ÚÓ£°, ¨ˆÚ ™˝å°™ôÜ ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏã; ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ Ó˘∂ G¨Ù üPÚ Ô˘¨ı, Ó˘∂ E¨Ú üPÚ Ô˘¨ı ·Ü¥ı∂ (‡á¨ÒJ´Ù ™Í£°˘£ô, GÛäπı∂) ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° EÚ£∞ã, ‚˘ ÍKÚË √PÚ∂. ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàFLºâ∂ Ô˘æ Ó£˘£Ë´ı ‚øA¯∂ ‚°¯£ô ﬁäEÇ∞ ‹ıCÚã ‚∂æã ﬁÛ£∂."[14]

ﬁâÓ àFJô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÙQ° ‚¥Ç∞ã ∫Ææ:

"™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF˘Û£ô ‹ıòËú ﬁÚÇËàF° ´£ÇAô ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ CàÓ£âÓà¨Ó ﬁÚü¡ı∂ ‚°∂ ﬁÚÙ£ÓÓ£¨ËÚ£ô, ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ‡ú˜ Â´Û ´Óòæ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‹ôÙ∂ ´Í£ÍLÍ £¨Ó CàÓ£âÓà¨Ó „ü¡Ç™Ë£ú¿ı∂Ó£°. ﬁFô ﬁÛáÆü∞ã ﬁ¨ÏäÜÏ £¨Ó ‚°¡ Â°¡ã A¨ÏÚ£∂; („™˘Qô ÒQÓ ∞Ùã Âº "Õ°¯£ã" CâÓ¨˘ ´Ë£Ü£Ü¨Ï ´Ó£ü¡MÇËMô¨Ù; ´ÒΩã ıòÇË ∫Ûá£¥Ë˜£ô H˜æÜ¥ú˜ Âº Í∫Ó£ÚàFô ıòÇËã ‹ü¯ ‹ôÙ∂ ıòÇËàFü∞ ‹ä£üÜÏ ´Ë£Ü£¥ ‚°¡ Â°¡ ﬁºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂.) ‚˘´ı ´Í£ÍLÍ CâÓ¨˘Ë¨˜ ‚öMÓàFô ∞¨¯ÒFäHü∞ ‡Ü¥àF˘£Ωã, ‹Fô ﬁºâ∂ CPÓ˜æ H¯õâÓ£Ωã, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı CâÓ¨˘¨Ú ıΩä¥à∂A´¯£ã ‚°∂Ó£° ™£ºú. Ó°QÚô£˘ ‚øÑC¨Ú üP ‹FËã ´Íä¥A¯∂. ›˘£ô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËàF° Ó°QÚô£˘ ‚øÑCJ° ı˜òÑC, ‹¨Ó ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı CâÓ¨˘Ç∞ ‹ÆEÚÑ ™ÍåıÓü´Ë ﬁÜ¥Ñ™ÍôΩã. ‹Ó° ı˜òÑC Credo ´ı¨Ùà FÜÏàF°Æ Ó£° ﬁºÇ∞ã; „™˘Qô Ó°QÚô£˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËã ‚°∂ ™Ó£NüÍÉËı£ÓãÓ£° (Nur-Gewerkschasftlerei- ™Ó£NüÍÉËı£Óã ‚°¯£ô, ‹Ó° ™£ºú ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¨˜ CàÓ£âÓ gFJô ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàFü∞ ‹Æ¨Òä¥à∂ıÓ£∞ã. ‚˘´ı ‚Ò∂ EÚ£˘∂, ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° E, Ó°QÚô£˘ ‚øÑC¨Ú ‚Fòà∂ ´£Û£¥ı∂, ﬁâÓ Ó°QÚôHLºâ∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó, ™Ó£NüÍÉËı£Ó ∫ÚüCÚ£˘ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ﬁ¯A° Wõ £∂Ë£äHü∞ ™ÍôÙ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ Ë¥ã ∫ÚüCJô ﬁºâ∂ F¨Í Ò£üP, ‹¨Ó πÛÜCËÛ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° £∂Ë£äHü∞ú ™Ë£á¥ ıÛ´ıá¥ã ‚°´ÓÚ£∞ã." [15]

™Ó£Ïºã

Notes

[8] Collected Works Volume 5 (Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1961), p. 335.

[9] Ibid, p. 369.

[10] Ibid, p. 369.

[11] Ibid, p. 370 (italics in the original).

[12] Ibid, p. 371.

[13] Ibid, pp. 375-76.

[14] Ibid, p. 383-84.

[15] Ibid, p. 384 (italics in the original).