Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done? Part 3

WSWS :Tamil : ıÛÙ£¡

Lecture three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?

Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨Û: ´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?

∞F 1 | ∞F 2 | ∞F 3 | ∞F 4 |∞F 5|∞F 6|∞F 7

By David North
8 September 2005

Use this version to print | Send this link by email | Email the author

ﬁ∂ ''´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã? ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ›CKÚò ∞øà Ó¨Ùıò ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òàF˘£ô, IÑCË° ‹° ›òKô, ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ´Ë£¨Ï úOJô, ›ËvÜ 14 ∫Óô ›ËvÜ 20 ı¨Û GËõàFÚ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛJ° Õ°¯£ã ∞FÚ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨Û „ø ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOıºã.

ﬁ∂ ﬁäúOJô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛÚ£∞ã. "ÛwÚ£ä πÛÜCªã ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° bòÇËäÏ£Ó ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿ã" ‚°¯ ∫Óô MKæ¨Û ›ÉAÙàFô ›ËvÜ 29ô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÍäÏãò 1 ı¨Û Ô£°∞ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ MKæ¨ÛÚ£˘ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫â¨ÓÚ ™£øFô Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ FºàÓôı£Óã" ‚°∂ Õ°¡ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ÍäÏãò 2, 4 Òü¡ã 5 ›AÚ ´ÓFËOô ›ÉAÙàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨ÛË¿ã ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ‹OàÓ¨ı´Ú.

‡ôÚ´˘£ö-™ÙQQ° ´Ó£ü¯ã

H™˜ÇË´˘£M° ∫°´˘£Æä ¨ÏäπÇËú 1880ËO° Ë¨ÏCJΩã, 1890ËO° ›ÛãàFΩã πÛÜCËÛä ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ∏¨ˆâFºâÓ Âº ∫øàÓ¨Ù∫¨¯ ‹PæpMËú Òü¡ã ﬁ¨˜ÎòËOÏã ™Íôı£Ç∞ ™ÍΩàFÚ∂. ÔËÛàFΩã, AÛ£Òäπ¯àFΩã „üÜÆºâÓ ÍÕË Ò£¡ÓôËú H™˜ÇË´˘£ı£ô ™ÍåÚäÜÏ ›å¨ı ™K∂ã ÂàFºÇË, ‹ıº¨ÏÚ Mı£ÓÇË¨ÙJ° Ó£ÇËã ﬁ°¬ã √¥ÓÙ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂.

1890ËOô ÛwÚ£Mô, M¨Ûı£˘ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı˜òÑC Òü¡ã ™Ó£Nô∂¨¯J° ı˜òÑCËú ‹FËKàÓ˜Mô √¥ÓÙ£˘ ÍÇFı£åâÓ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó ´Ó£ü¡MàÓ˘ ‚°∂ ™ÓOı£Jü¡. ﬁÑ≈õG¨ÙJôÓ£° FÚ£AÚ£AJºâÓ Âº πÛÜCËÛ ÚÉËÛı£FJ° ﬁ¨˜Ú Í´Ë£ÓÛÛ£˘ M˜£ÆIò ﬁLÑ ‡LÚ£´˘£ö (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) πÛÜCËÛ ﬁÚÇËàFô ´ÍòâÓ£ò. 1893‹˜Mô, "ÒÇËO° ÔáòËú Ú£ò", ‹ıòËú ‚öı£¡ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ´£K¥A°¯˘ò ‚°¡ Ó¨ÙäHÏäÜÏ ¸˘ÛÖÍË ﬁÚÇËàF° eÓ£˘ Ó˘∂ ∞PäHÏàÓÇË MÒòÍ˘àF° ÕÙã ‹ıò Âº ÍÇFı£åâÓ Óà∂ı£òàÓı£FÚ£Ë Ó˘∂ πË¨ˆ G¡MÇ™Ë£áÏ£ò. ﬁä¨ÏäH° CÙ ∞FËú πÛÜCËÛ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ ™ºã ÉËOä¨ ™ÍåÓ∂. 1890ËOô ﬁºâÓ M´˚ÏÒ£˘ ÛwÚ ≈õG¨Ù¨Ú ËºàFü ™Ë£á¥ ﬁäπàÓËã ‚øÓäÜÆºâÓ´£FΩã, ‹∂ Âº cÆàÓ ™£ºàÓà¨Ó ™Ë£áÆºÔ¢Ó∂.

‡LÚ´˘£ö-™ÙQ° Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ¨ÏäH° ™ºã∞F¨Ú I¨Ë´Ù£övAJ° (Mikhailovsky) ‹ËG¨Ù ÍÕËMÚô (Subjective Sociology) ‚˘à Ó£° ‹¨ˆàFºâÓ ı¨Ë¨Ú Ó£Ç∞ıÓü∞ Ú°¥àF˘£ò. Ô´Û£àQÇ (¸˘ÛÖÍËı£Ó) ﬁÚÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô ÛwÚ£Mô ﬁºâÓ ÍÕË ‡¯æËú üPÚ MÖÎ£˘ gFÚ£˘ ›åM¨˘ ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£Ë ™Ë£áÆºÇËMô¨Ù ‚°¨Ó GœÌã ™ÍåÓ£ò. áÏ ‡üàF ‡Úò ı˜òÑC ™ü¡ú˜∂, ‚öMÓÑ ™Í£à∂ÇË¿ã ﬁôÙ£Ó ™ºâFÛ˜£˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO° ‡¨ˆäπÑ ÍÇF¨Ú M¨ÙÇ∞ ı£ÉAÑ ≤Ûá¥ã ÓQÔòËO° ¨ËËOô ™KÚ ™Ó£NôËú G¡ıäÜ¥Ç ∞Mâ∂ú˜˘ ‚°¨Ó ¨ÓKÚÒ£å ‹µË Ô´Û£àQÇ∞Ëú Ò¡ÇA¯£òËú ‚°¨Óªã ‹ıò M˜ÇA˘£ò. ›˘£ô, ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‹¥àÓ ™KÚ ¨Ïä£˘ ÛwÚ£Mô ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ı˜òÑC¨Ú √¥ÓÙ£Ë M˜ÇAÚ ∫¨¯Jô ﬁºâÓ ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ™£º˜£Ó£Ûä ∞ä£å¨ı Ë£ÜÆΩã ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘∂, Ô´Û£àQÇ ﬁÚÇËàF° ıòÇËà Ó°¨Ò üP ‹ıò ∞PäHÜÆºâÓÓ£∞ã. Í£Û£ãÍàFô ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FË˜£˘ Ô´Û£àQÇ∞ËO° Ëºà∂ÇËú, MıÍ£JË¿¨ÏÚ ÍÕË G¨Ùä£Ü¨ÏàÓ£° HÛFLÇA°¯˘ ‚°¡ ‹ıò M˜ÇA˘£ò.

¸£KÍ Íòı£FË£Ûã ‹Ëü¯ä¥Óô, AÛ£Òäπ¯ÉËOô GÙäHÛπà∂ı ‚ÑÍ™Í£ÑÍÉËú ‹NÇËä¥Óô, GÙà¨Ó ´ÓCÚÒÚÒ£Ç∞Óô ›AÚıü¡Ï° ™Ó£Ïòπ ™Ë£á¥ú˜ ¸˘Ô£ÚËä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿Ç∞ ™KÓ£Ë ∫ÇAÚà∂ıà¨Ó ™Ë£¥à∂ ıLª¡àÓ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° √P˘£Ωã √Ï, ¸˘Ô£ÚË Òü¡ã ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËÉË¿Ç∞ ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ´ı¡£Ü¨Ï Ò¯ä∂ ‹Æä¨ÏJô ™ºã Óı¡ ‚°¯ ËºàFô ‹ıò ™ºã ‡¡FªÏ° ﬁºâÓ£ò. Íòı£FË£ÛàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Òü¡ã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‰˘Ô£ÚËı£FË¿Ç∞ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó ‹ÆEÚ ™Íåªã ´£Ç∞àÓ£°, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã Ó˘∂ ıòÇË ‡Ìò¨ı ı˜òà∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿ıÓü∞ Ò£™ºã Ó¨ÏÚ£Ë ‡ú˜∂ ‚°¡ã ‹ıò √P˘£ò.

I¨Ë´Ù£övAJ° Ëºà∂ÇË¨˜ ™ÙQ° IËÇ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£Ë Ó£Ç∞¨ËJô, ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FËú ‹¨ˆà∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿ã "´Í£ÍLÍã" ‚°Óü∞ã, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ´Í£ÍLÍã ‚°¡ ´£ü¡ıÓü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‚âÓä ™£∂ G¨Ùä£¥ã A¨ÏÚ£∂ ‚°¨Ó GœHÇË ‹ıò ‡¡F ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£ò. ‹FËÜÍÒ£Ë, ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı "´Í£ÍLÍã" ‚°∂, ÕÙÓ˘àF° ÍÇFı£åâÓ ı˜òÑC Òü¡ã ıÉA, ™Ó£Nü∂¨¯ Ó¨ÙıòËO° ¨ËJô ‹Ó° ∞Mäπã ﬁºä¨Ó ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ã´£∂ „ü¥ã MÛÇF¨ÚàÓ£° HÛFLÇ∞ã ı¨ËJô ‡ú˜∂ ‚°¡ã ‹ıò √P˘£ò. ‹àÓ¨ËÚ ∞ä£åı£˘∂ Âº ‚øÑC ™ü¡ ıºã ıòÇËã ‚°Óü∞ FÙ£Ë ‚öı£¡ ËÏâÓ Ë£Ù ™£º˜£Ó£ÛàF° ‡JòÓäHäH¨ˆàÓ ‚ÑÍ™Í£ÑÍÉËO° HÛFGFË˜£Ë Ó£ÉËú ﬁºÇA´¯£ã ‚°¡, ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ´Ò£ÍÒ£˘ G¨Ù¨Ú M˜ÇAÇË£Ü¥ã ‹˜Mô ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´Í£ÍLÍã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ı˜òÑC üP MÖÎ£˘ Òü¡ã ıÛÙ£ü¡ ı¨ËJô ∞ä£åæ ™ÍåÚÇ√ÆÚ F¯° ‹ü¯∂.

πÛÜCËÛ ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËàFô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÙQ° ™ü¯ ∫ÇAÚ ∫Ææ, ‹∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ú ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËºàFÚL° ™Íôı£Ç¨Ë ﬁ¨ÏÚ¯£Òô ‚Fòà∂ä ´£Û£Ï´ıá¥ã ‚°´ÓÚ£∞ã. ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËËOô ﬁÚô£Ë´ı ´Í£ÍLÍÇ Ëºà∂ÇËú „∂ã ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¨Ó ‹Pâ∂™Ë£ú˜ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã Jü¡MÇËäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ã, Íòı£FË£Ûã ‹Ëü¯ä¥Óô, GÙäHÛπà∂ı ÍÕËäHKæËú ‹NÇËä¥Óô ›AÚ¨ı ÂºMÓàFô ıÛÙ£ü¡ gFÚ£˘ ∫ü´£Ç∞àÓ°¨Ò ‚°¯£Ωã, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó ≤Ûá¥ı¨Ó ∫ÆæËÜ¥ã ‚°¨Ó ∞Pä£å ™ÓKMÇËMô¨Ù ‚°∂ ‹PÚäÏ ´ıá¥ã. ‡á¨ÒJô, ‹àÓ¨ËÚ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËËú ‹¨ÏÚä¥ıF° M¨˜æ, ‹Ó° ﬁÚôH´Ù´Ú ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ı˜òÑCÇ∞ ‡Óæã Òü¡ã √Lª¨ˆäπ ≤ÛáÏä¥Ó¨Ù bMÛä¥à∂ã. ﬁÓ° ™£ºú ¸˘Ô£ÚË ´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ›ÓÛæ ™Ë£¥ÇËÇ √Ï£∂ ‚°ÓôÙ. Ò£¯£Ë, ∫üPΩã ‚FK¨ÏÚ£˘∂: ‹Ó£ı∂, ¸˘Ô£ÚË ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ∫°˘EJôÓ£° ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ËÜÏ£Úã ﬁºÇË ´ıá¥ã. ›˘£ô, ‚âÓÑ ≈õG¨ÙJΩã ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFüË£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ‹∂ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ‹ôÙ∂ ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° Ó£¨ËJ° Wõ ÔÏàÓÇ√Ï£∂. ™Í£ôÙä´£˘£ô, ‹∂ ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFüË£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ‚OÓ£Ç∞ã ı¨ËJôÓ£° ËÜÏ£Úã ÔÏàÓ ´ıá¥ã.

™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ¸£KÍàFü∞ ‚FÛ£Ëä ´£Û£Ï´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ ™ÚKô, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ≤Ú£b˘ ıòÇË ´Ô£ÇËÉË¨˜ ∞¨¯à∂Ç ™Ë£ú˜´ıá¥ã, ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏ HÛÑC¨˘Ë¨˜ üP Ëı˘ã ™ÍΩàÓ£Òô, ›ÜCJ° ‹¨˘à∂ ‹ÛCÚô ‚FÛ£OË¿Ï¬ã ‡Ï°£¥Ë¨˜ ™Ë£ú˜´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ √PıâÓ ''ﬁ¨ÌäπÇË£ÛòËú" (Amalgamators) Òü¡ã "√ÜÏEÇ∞ ı£F¥ıòË¨˜" ™ÙQ° ËáÏ˘ã ™ÍåÓ£ò.

Ó£Û£˜ı£Ó Òü¡ã ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ¸˘Ô£Úı£FË´˜£¥ ﬁÌÉË£Òô, Âº πÛÜCËÛ ´Í£ÍLÍ ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏà¨Ó ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£Ë ™Ë£áÏ, ÓÉËO° ™Í£âÓ ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ËÜCJô ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¨˜ ‹EFÛÜ¥ıÓ° ÕÙã Ò£òÇCv¥Ëú ¸˘Ô£ÚËä ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ∫°™˘¥ÇA°¯˘ò. ÛwÚ ¸˘ÛÖÍËı£Ó Ó°¨Ò¨Ú ≤ºÇAÇ √¡ã ı¨ËJô ™ÙQ° H°ıºÒ£¡ ‚øF˘£ò. "ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ÔÙ°Ëú üP ´Íä¥ã ı˘äπ¨Û¨Ú cÉËú Ò¡à∂, ›õâ∂ ËıQàÓ£ô, ∫üPΩã ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF˘K° CâÓ¨˘´Ú£¥Ó£° cÉËú ™Ó£Ïòπ ™Ë£á¥úkòËú ‚°¨Ó ‹PÚ∫Æªã..."

Ó°¬¨ÏÚ À¨Ù ∫ÆÇ∞ã ı¨ËJô, πÛÜCËÛÇ ËÜCJ° E, ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú "Óã¨Ò Â¥Ç∞ã ‹ÛCÚô Òü¡ã ™£º˜£Ó£Û ËÜÏ¨Òä¨ªã ﬁâÓ ∫¨¯J° Wõ ﬁºÇ∞ã ıòÇË M´Û£ÓàF° ‹ıCÚã Òü¡ã ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£Ó Ó°¨Ò üPªã πKâ∂™Ë£ú˜Ñ ™Íåı¨Ó ´Ô£ÇA ıNÔÏàÓäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° ıLª¡àF˘£ò. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò HÛFGFËO° ∫°´˘ü¯ã ‹¨Ïâ∂ú˜ HKM˘ò, MÖÎ£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍàF° Ëºà∂ÇËú, ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£OJ° ıÛÙ£ü¡ä £àFÛã üPÚ Ëºà∂ ﬁıüPô ‹Pı£ü¯ô ™¡ã™£ø∂, ﬁâÓ Ëºà∂ÇËú ÛâÓ ‹˜Mô ™º∞ã™£ø∂, ﬁä´£∂ú˜ ‹É∞IÉ∞Ò£˘ ™£º˜£Ó£Ûä ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó Ô˘ı£˘ ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏÒ£Ë Ò£ü¡ıÓü∞ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ÒàFJô ‡¡FÚ£˘ ‹¨ÒäπÇËú „ü¥ã™£ø∂, ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£O ‹¨˘à∂ ¸˘Ô£ÚË √¡£¥ËO° Ó¨Ù¨Ò¨Úªã „ü¡ Íòı£FË£Ûà¨Ó ‹Ëü¯æã ÛwÚ £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËà¨Ó (‹¨˘à∂ Ô£¥ËO° £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËà∂Ï° ‹ÇËãÇËÒ£Ë ﬁ¨Ìâ∂) ™ıüPËÛÒ£˘ ËãŒQvÜ πÛÜCÇË£˘ ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ´Ôò£¨ÓJô ﬁÜ¥Ñ™ÍôÙæã ∫Æªã" ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° ‚øF˘£ò.

ﬁöı£¡ „üË˘´ı Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‹KÚ ¨ÏäHô, ´£ôSMÇ ËÜCJ° ËÜÏ¨ÒäHü∞ ıNË£Ü¥ã Ëºà∂ºÇËO° Ô°∞ ı˜òÑCªü¯ ıÆı¨ÒäπÇË¨˜ ™ÙQ° ıˆÉAªú˜£ò. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ ‹ôÙ∂ ËÜC ‚°¯ Ëºà¨Ó ™ÙQ° πFÓ£ËÇ Ëá¥HÆà∂MÏMô¨Ù. ›˘£ô ﬁâÓÇ Ëºà∂ÇË¿Ç∞ ‹ıò ﬁ¨ÌJôÙ£Ó Ë¥¨ÒªÏ° Êò ‹ÛCÚô Òü¡ã Óà∂ı£òàÓ ‡¡Fä£Ü¨Ï ‹OàÓ£ò. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ Âº Ô¨Ï∫¨¯ Ó°¨ÒªÏ˘£˘ ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËËú ÕÙÒôÙ£∂, Ò£¯£Ë ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF°e∂ ™Íôı£Ç¨Ëªã, ›FÇËà¨Óªã ™ÍΩàFÇ™Ë£áÆºÇ∞ã ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ıòÇËàF° ‹¨˘à∂Ç ËºàFÚô ıÆıÉË¿Ç∞ã ‚FÛ£Ë ﬂMÛÇËÒü¯ ‹ÛCÚô Òü¡ã Óà∂ı£òàÓ ´£Û£ÜÏÉËO° ÕÙ´Ò ‚°Fô ‹ıò ‡¡FÚ£Ë ÔãHÇ¨Ë ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£ò. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô Âü¡¨ÒÇ∞ ¨Ë ıòÇËÉËO° ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ HÛFLÇ∞ã ‹¨˘à∂ Óà∂ıÉË¿Ç∞ã ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏÉË¿Ç∞ã ‚FÛ£Ë ﬁ¨ÏÚ¯£ä ´£ÛÜÏã ÔÏàÓä¥Óô ´Ó¨ıä¥A¯∂ ‚°¡ã ‹ıò √P˘£ò. ´ı¡MÓÒ£ËÇ √P˘£ô, IË ‡ÚòâÓ Óà∂ı£òàÓ Ô˘M° ‹Æä¨ÏJôÓ£°, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô Âü¡¨Ò ‹¨ÏÚäÏ ∫Æªã ‚°Ó£∞ã.

"‚Ò∂ ﬁÚÇËàF° ‹ıÍÛä EËú" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô, 1900ã ›áÆô ™ÙQ° WõÇËáÏı£¡ ‚øF˘£ò:

"™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËã Òü¡ã ´Í£ÍLÍàF° √Ü¥àÓ£° ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËã ›∞ã. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËàF˘∂ ´ı¡ÜÏ ÓQÇ ËÜÏÉËú Âö™ı£°PΩã ™ÍÚLˆâÓ G¨ÙJô EÚ£ü¡ı∂ ‹Ó° EÚôÙ. Ò£¯£Ë, ∫ø¨ÒÚ£˘ ﬁÚÇËàF° ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ HÛFGFà∂ıä¥àÓ, ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ ‹Ó° ﬁ¡F ﬁÙÇ∞ Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô EËú ›AÚıü¨¯ ≤ÜÆÇË£ÜÏ, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ËºàFÚô, ‹ÛCÚô ≤Ú£b˘ã ∫ÓLÚıü¨¯ £∂Ë£àÓô ›AÚ¨ı ‹Ó° EË˜£∞ã. ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFô ﬁºâ∂ ÓQ¨ÒäÜÏ£ô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËã CPÚÓ£Ëæã, ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£Òô ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Ó°¨Ò¨Úªã ™ü¡M¥ã. ™£º˜£Ó£Ûä ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ÒÜ¥ã ™Ó£ÏÉA˘£ô, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ‹Ó° ‹ÛCÚô ≤Ú£b˘à¨Ó ﬁˆâ∂, Òü¯ ËÜCËO° ı£ô ´£ô ›A Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ÒËàÓ£˘ ™Ë£ú¨ËÚ£˘ "™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° M¥Ó¨Ù ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàÓ£´Ù´Ú ™ıüPÚ¨ÏÚäÏ ´ıá¥ã" ‚°¨Ó Ë£ÜÆÇ ™Ë£¥à∂M¥ã. Âö™ı£º Ô£ÜÆΩã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËã ´Í£ÍLÍàFô ﬁºâ∂ ÓQà∂ G°¡ ﬁÛá¥ã ™ıö´ı¡ ıNËOô ™ÍÚô¥ã G¨Ù ﬁºâ∂ú˜∂. ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ Â∂ÉA Gü¯ô ´Í£ÍLÍã, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËã ‚°¡ ﬁÛá¨Ïªã Ùi˘Ò£ÇAM¥ã. ‹¨˘à∂ Ô£¥ËOΩã ´Í£ÍLÍà¨Ó ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËà∂Ï° ﬁ¨Ìä∂Ó£° ﬁÛáÆü∞´Ò cÆà∂ G¨ÙäÓüË£˘ ‹Æä¨Ï¨Ú ™Ë£¥Ç∞ã." [4]

™ÙQ° ﬁâÓÑ ™Í£üË¨˜ ‚øFÇ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ´£∂, ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF¬ú πFÓ£Ë ‚øâFºâÓ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£Óã (Economism) ‚°¯ ´£ÇAü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ‹ıò Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ´Òü™Ë£áÆºâÓ£ò. ﬁâÓä ´£ÇA° G¨Ùä£¥ ´¸òÒQJô ﬁºâÓ ´ò°v¨ÏQ° FºàÓôı£Óà∂Ï° H¨ÌâFºâÓ∂. ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£FËO° Ëºà∂ÇË¿¨ÏÚ ∫ÇAÚ πúO, πÛÜCËÛ ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó C¡¨Òä¥à∂ıÓ£∞ã. ‹Óü∞ä FÙ£Ë ‹ıòËú 1890 ËO° Ô¥ä∞FJô Ó°QÚô£Ë ™ıOıâÓ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ ‹ÆEâ∂ ™Ë£á¥, ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ﬁÚÇËã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ™£º˜£Ó£Ûä ´£Û£ÜÏã Òü¡ã „¨˘Ú ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓã ´£°¯ıüP° ‹HMºàFJô Âº∫ËäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ı£FÜÏ˘ò. ﬁâÓä £ò¨ıJ° ‡Ü∞Päπ, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËã Ô¨Ï∫¨¯ ﬁÙÇ¨Ë ËºàFü™Ë£á¥ Ó°¬¨ÏÚ πÛÜCËÛ ´Í£ÍLÍ ∞PÇ´Ë£úË¨˜ ¨ËMÜ¥MÏ´ıá¥ã ‚°Ó£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂. Íòı£FË£ÛàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ‡ÚòâÓ ™º¨ÒÇ∞ ‡KÚ ﬁÏã Ó£Û£˜ı£Ó ¸˘Ô£ÚË ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‚Fòä£˜òËOÏã ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜ¥MÏ ´ıá¥ã. H™˜ÇË´˘£ö Òü¡ã ™ÙQ° ‹PMàFºâÓ ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ πÛÜCËÛ ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏã, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ÍÕËàF° ËÜÏ¨ÒäπÇ∞ú ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ™£º˜£Ó£Û G¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ∫°´˘ü¡MÇ∞ã ™Ó£NüÍÉË ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËË¿ÇË£Ë ¨ËMÏäÜ¥MÏ ﬁºâÓ∂. ‹ôÙ∂ E.D.Kuskova 1899ã ›á¥ Ó˘∂ ﬁNπËõ™ü¯ Credo- ô H°ıºÒ£¡ ‹PMàÓ∂ ´£ô:

"ÍAäπà Ó°¨ÒÚü¯ Ò£òÇCÍã, ‚FòÒ¨¯ Ò£òÇCÍã, ›FäπÛÓ£˘ Ò£òÇCÍã (‹Ó£ı∂ Í∫Ó£ÚàF° ıòÇËä H˜æ üPÚ Ëºà¨Óà bMÛÒ£ËÇ ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂) ﬁ¨ı ‹¨˘à∂ã ¸˘Ô£ÚË Ò£òÇCÍàFü∞ ıNMÜ¥M¥ã. ÓüË£Ù Í∫Ó£ÚàFô ËÜCJ° ÍÕËG¨Ù ™ºÒ˜Mô Ò£¡ÓΩÇ∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÏ ´ıá¥ã. ﬁÓ° ∞¡AÚ √Ü¥¯æ∫¨¯ Òü¡ã ™ºã£Ù£˘ ÍâÓòäàFô ∞¡É∞øı£Ó ËÏ¨ÒËú ÍÕËä EË¿ÇË£Ë ÛâÓ Ó°¨ÒªÏ° ´Òü™Ë£ú˜äÏô ´ıá¥ã. ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó ¨Ëäü¡ıÓüË£˘ ›òıã Ò£¡ÓΩÇË£˘ MºäÒ£Ë ‹¨ÒÚ´ıá¥ã. ÓüË£Ù ÍÕËà¨Ó ¸˘Ô£ÚË ıNÕÙã YòFºâÓ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ ‚áÌã ´ıá¥ã. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹¨˘à∂ ‡K¨ÒË¿ã ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë, F¯¨ÒÚ£Ë £∂Ë£ÇËäÏô ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ ﬁÙÇ∞Ï° ﬁä™£ø∂ú˜ G¨ÙÇ∞ „ü¯ı£¡ ‹¨ı ‹¨Òà∂Ç ™Ë£ú˜äÏ´ıá¥ã. "[5]

ﬁà´Ó£¥ G°¡MÏMô¨Ù. Credo ´ÒΩã ‹PMàÓ∂: "Ôã∫¨ÏÚ ÒáEü∞ Âöı£Ó ‹ÚôÔ£Ü¥ ﬁÙÇ∞Ëú, ‹ÚôÔ£Ü¥Ñ Í£Ó¨˘Ë¨˜ ﬁÉ∞ ™Ë£á¥ıÛ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ G¨˘äH° M¨˜æÓ£° ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿¨ÏÚ ‹ÛCÚô ËÜC üPÚ ´Ñ≤ÇËú ›∞ã." [6]

™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£ÓàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Íòı´ÓÍ GËõM° Âº ∞F´Ú ›∞ã: ´Òü∞ ‰´Û£ä£Mô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËàFô Ò£òÇCÍã ‹ÛCÚô, CâÓ¨˘ä ´£Ç∞ËOô ›FÇËã ™ü¡MÜÏ G¨ÙJô, Ò£òÇCÍàFü∞ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ú´˜´Ú AÜÏàÓÜÏ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ı¨ËJÙ£˘ ‚Fòäπ ı˜òâÓ∂ ‚°∂Ó£° ﬁÓ° ™£ºú. ´ı¡MÓÒ£ËÇ √P˘£ô, FºàÓôı£Óã, Ô£° ∫°˘´Û M˜ÇAÚÆ, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ú Ò£òÇCÍàF° ™Íôı£Ç∞ MKı¨Ïı¨Ó ﬁôÙ£™Ó£NÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°ÓüË£Ë ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı CâÓ¨˘Ú£˜òËú ‹Óü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ Ó£Ç∞Ó¨Ù ´Òü™Ë£áÏF° M¨˜æ ›∞ã. HÛ£°Cô, 1899 ‹˜Mô, ´Í£ÍLvÜ Iô™ÙÛáÜ (Socialist Millerand) Âº ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàFô ÓM¨Ú „ü¯Fô ﬁºâ´Ó FºàÓôı£ÓàF° M¨˜Ú°Ëú Ô°∞ πÙ˘£J˘.

ÍâÓòäı£ÓàF° ™ıÆäπ Íòı´ÓÍ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFü∞ú´˜ Âº ™ÔºÇËÆ¨Ú …áÆÚ∂. Ô£° „üË˘´ı ∞PäHÜ¥ú˜Æ, ﬁÓü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ∫ÓLô ´£òÇ™Ë£Æ¨Ú …ÇAÚıò H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ›ı£ò. H°˘ò, ﬁä´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞, ÒËàÓ£˘ HÛ≤ÛÒ£˘ YòFºàÓÒ£ ‹ôÙ∂ πÛÜCÚ£? ‚°¨Ó ™ıOJÜÏF° ÕÙã ´Û£Í£ ΩÇÍã´òÇ ∫ÇAÚ É¨Ë ıAàÓ£ò. IËæã ÓÚÇËà∂Ï° ´¸òÒ° ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£Úı£FË¿ã ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ﬁ¯ÉË ´ÔKÜÏ∂. ›˘£ô, ÍâÓòäı£ÓàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏã, ™ÙQ° Ó¨Ù¨ÒJô ÛwÚ£Mô ı˜òÑC ™ü¯∂´£ô ´ı¡ ‚âÓ ﬁÏàFΩã ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë ı˜ÛMô¨Ù.

ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£á¥ ›ÛãHàÓ ´ÔÛàFô, ÛwÚ ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËã Êò Â°¡ÜÏ ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òä£Ë ﬁô¨Ù. ÙMÓä ´£Ç∞Ë¿ã ∞øÇË¿ã ﬁºâÓ˘. ‹¨ı ‹¨˘à∂ã ´Í£ÍLvÜ, „° Ò£òÇCvÜ ‚°¡ √PÇ ™Ë£áÏ£Ωã√Ï, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ‹ÛCÚô, ‹°¯£Ïä E¨Ú ‡úŸò Ó°¨Ò ‹Æä¨ÏJô, ‹ôÙ∂ ∞PäHÜÏ ﬁ˘, ÍÒÚÇ ∞ø HÛFGF˜£Ë ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ú´˜ ﬁÚÉA ıâÓ˘. Jewish Bund ‚˘ä¥ã ŒÓò ∞ø ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ HKæËOô IËæã πËõ ı£åâÓÓ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂.

ÛwÚ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO° ﬁÚÇËã 1890ËO° Hü∞FJô ıΩı¨ÏÚà ™Ó£ÏÉAÚH°, ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏ Òü¡ã ‹¨ÒäπgFÚ£˘ √Ü¥ IËæã ‹ıCÚã Òü¡ã ‹ıÍÛ∫ã√Ï ‚°∂ ™ÓOı£Jü¡. I°vÇAô 1898ã ›á¥, ‹¨˘à∂ ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FËO° Ò£Ô£¥ √ÜÏäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ ∫Óô ∫ÚüC ´£hv ‹ÏÇ∞∫¨¯J˘£Ωã HÛFGFËú ¨Ë∂™ÍåÚäÜÏÓ£Ωã ´Ó£ôMJô ∫Ææü¯∂. ﬁâÓä H°˘¨ÏMü∞ä H°, Ò£Ô£¥ ‹¨ÒäÓüË£˘ FÜÏÉËú ÛwÚ ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËàF° ÙÓÛäÜÏ Ó°¨ÒÚ£ô ™ºã CÇËΩÇ∞ ‡ÜÜÏ∂. ﬁFô ™£º˜£Ó£Ûı£Óä ´£ÇA° ´Ó£ü¯∫ã Âº ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ ™ıOä£Ï£∞ã.

‹â´ÔÛàFô H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ÛwÚ ´Í£ÍLÍàF° ÒFäHü∞KÚ Óà∂ı£òàÓ Ó¨ÙıÛ£Ë ﬁ°¬ã ﬁºâÓ´£FΩã√Ï, ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FË¨˜ Â°¡¥à∂ã ´Û£Úà¨Ó √Ü¥ã ›õâÓ ÓÚ£Käπä EJô ‡LÚ´˘£ö ™ÙQ° ∫ÇAÚ Ó¨ÙıÛ£Ë ‚øÑCªü¯£ò. ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ™Ó£NüËÜCJ° πFÚ ‹ÛCÚô „Ï£˘ bä™£P (Iskra) ™ıOÇ™Ë£á¥ ıÛäÜÏFô ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ∫ÇAÚ ÉË£˘∂ ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ™Íôı£ÇAü∞ ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£Jü¡. πÙã™Úòâ´Ó£ò ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ú¿ã (ÈmigrÈ movement) ÛwÚ£Mô Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Jô πÛÜC ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËËOô ﬂ¥ÜÆºâÓ Ò£òÇRv¥ËO¨Ï´Úªã ﬁvÇÛ£ Óà∂ı£òàÓ, ‹ÛCÚô, ‹¨ÒäπgFÚ£˘ √Ü¥ÇË£Ë, ‹∂ ‹¨˘à∂ ÛwÚ ‹Æä¨ÏJô, ﬁ∂´£°¯ ∫üPΩã ´ı¯£˘ ﬁÚÇËã ﬁôÙ£Ó G¨ÙJô ™ºã ÒFä¨ ™ü¯∂.

ﬁvÇÛ£M° ∫Óô ™ıOf¥ ÆÍãò 1900ô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÓ° ∫Óô ÇËàFô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ ∫ÇAÚ ‹PÇ¨ËJô, "™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô ı˜òÑC, ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ ›AÚıü¨¯ ‚OÓ£Ç∞ã ∫ÚüCÓ£° Ôã∫¨ÏÚ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ‹Æä¨Ï ´Ô£ÇËã ›∞ã. ﬁâÓä E¨Ú H°¬Ç∞à Óú¿ıòËú, Òü¯ä EËú, ∞PäHÜÏ ´£Û£ÜÏ ı¨ËË¿ÇË£Ë ﬁâÓ ﬁÙÇ¨Ë Ó£õà∂ıòËú Óı¯£˘ £¨Ó¨Ú H°ü¡ı´Ó£¥, ﬁÚÇËàFü∞ã Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ ·¡ M¨˜MäıòË˜£ıò" ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° M˜ÇA˘£ò.

À¯£á¥Ëú ËNâÓ H°˘ºã √Ï, ÓüË£Ù ≈õG¨ÙË¿Ç∞ ™ºã ™£ºàÓà¨Ó ™Ë£á¥ú˜ Âº âFJô, ™ÙQ° "ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ı£õÇ¨ËJô ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌ G¨ÙJôÓ£° ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ‹ÛCÚΩÇ∞ ıÛÙ£ã, ™ºã Mˆ£ÇË£ÙÉËú ´£°¯ıüPôÓ£° É∞ ™¯Ù£ã, ‹∂Ó£° ∫¨¯..." ‚°¡ √¡ıòË¨˜ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£Ë Í£Æ˘£ò. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ∫ÓΩã ﬁ¡FªÒ£˘ bMÛÒ£˘ ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËÇ∞ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ´Ë£KÇ¨ËË¿ÇË£Ë ´£òÇ∞ÌIÇË ™Ó£NüÍÉËÉË¿ã, ´£òÇ∞ÌIÇË ÔÏıÆÇ¨Ëªã Ó£° ‚˘ ıLª¡àFÚ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£ÓàF° HÛFGFË¨˜ ËáÆÇ∞ã ı¨ËJô, ™ÙQ° ´Í£ÍLv¥Ë¨˜ ‚Fò™Ë£á¥ú˜ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ E, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ ‹ÛCÚô £ÏÉË¨˜ ËüHä∂ã ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍ, ‹ÛCÚô ËÜC Â°¨¯ ‹ıòË¿ÇË£Ë ‹¨ÒàFÏΩã ›∞ã ‚°¯£ò. "ıÛÙ£üPô, ‚âÓ ıòÇË∫ã ‹Ó° ‹ÛCÚô Ó¨ÙıòË¨˜ ´Ó£ü¡MÇË£Òô, ‹Ó° ∫ÇAÚ HÛFGFËú ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ËÜÏ¨Òà∂, ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ıNÔÏàÓ£Òô, ‹FË£Ûà¨ÓÇ ¨ËäüPÚ∂ A¨ÏÚ£∂" ‚°¡ ™ÙQ° ‚øF˘£ò. ‹Ó¨˘ ∫ÆÇ¨ËJô, "ıÛMºÇ∞ã FäπÇËOô, Ôã¨Ò ‚Fò™Ë£á¥ú˜ HÛÑC¨˘ËO´Ù´Ú IË ‹ıÍÛÒ£˘ üP™ÚKªã HÛÑC¨˘Ú£˘ ‹¨ÒäπÇËú üPÚ HÛÑC¨˘ üP, ™Ó£Ïò ËÜ¥¨ÛË¿Ç∞ ‹òäEàFºäÓ£Ë" ‹ıò ≤ºÇËÒ£Ë ∫°™˘¥à∂¨ÛàÓ£ò.[7]

ﬁâÓà FÜÏàFô ™ıOıâÓ∂ IË ‹KÚ∂ã, ™Íôı£Ç∞IÇË∂ã, ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ‹ÛCÚô ›åæÇ ËÜ¥¨ÛËOô ™ºã Mı£ÓàFü∞ã ‡ÜÜÏ ™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ "‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?" ‚°¯ Àô ›∞ã. ﬁâÀô ´Ó£ü¡MàÓ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ ‚FòäπÇË¨˜ Ë£µã´£∂, ‹FΩã ∞Pä£Ë 1917ô ´£ôSMÇ πÛÜCÇ∞ H°˘ò ıâÓ ‚FòäπÇË¨˜ Ë£µã´£∂, 1902ô ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã ‚°∂ ™ıOJÏäÜÏ´£∂, ‹´ÔËÒ£Ë ‹¨˘à∂ ∫ÇAÚ ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚËı£FË¿ã, ‹FΩã IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£Ë H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ´£°´¯£ºã, ‹¨Ó ËÜCJ° ™Ë£ú¨ËËú üPÚ ‹PMä£Ë, ‹Ó° ‹ÛCÚô EËú, ‹¨Òäπ ∫¨¯Ëú üPÚ ‹PMä£Ë „ü¯˘ò ‚°∂ ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ‡á¨ÒÚ£∞ã. ™ÙQ¬¨ÏÚ HÛ≤Ûà¨Ó ËáÆàÓ Ùºã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã ‚°∂ Âº ÍFË£Û, Íòı£FË£ÛÇ √¡£Ü¨Ï ´Í£ÍLÍàFü∞ú ∏¨ˆàÓ∂ ‚°¡ã, ‹Óü∞ ÒÛπıN Ò£òÇCÍàFô ﬁÏã ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¡ã ıLª¡à∂ıFô ‹Ó° ‹ÛCÚô ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ‹PÚäÏÙ£ã. ﬁä¨Ïä¨ üPÚ ‚Ò∂ ÒFädÜ¥ ›åMô ﬁöMÒòÍ˘ÉË¨˜ üP ËıQä´£ã.

™Ó£Ïºã

Notes:

[4] Collected Works, Volume 4 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p. 368.

[5] Marxism in Russia, Key documents, 1879-1906, edited by Neil Harding (Cambridge 1983) p. 251.

[6] Ibid, p. 252.

[7] Ibid, p. 369-70.