Lecture Three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done? Part 2

WSWS :Tamil : ıÛÙ£¡

Lecture Three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?

Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨Û: ´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?

∞F 1 | ∞F 2 | ∞F 3 | ∞F 4 |∞F 5|∞F 6|∞F 7

By David North
7 September 2005

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ﬁ∂ ''´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ›CKÚò ∞øà Ó¨Ùıò ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òàF˘£ô, IÑCË° ‹° ›òKô, ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ´Ë£¨Ï úOJô, ›ËvÜ 14 ∫Óô ›ËvÜ 20 ı¨Û GËõàFÚ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛJ° ﬁÛáÏ£ã ∞FÚ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨Û „ø ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOıºã.

ﬁﬁ∂ ﬁäúOJô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛÚ£∞ã. "ÛwÚ£ä πÛÜCªã ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° bòÇËäÏ£Ó ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿ã" ‚°¯ ∫Óô MKæ¨Û ›ÉAÙàFô ›ËvÜ 29ô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÍäÏãò 1 ı¨Û Ô£°∞ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ MKæ¨ÛÚ£˘ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫â¨ÓÚ ™£øFô Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ FºàÓôı£Óã" ‚°∂ Õ°¡ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ÍäÏãò 2, 4 Òü¡ã 5 ›AÚ ´ÓFËOô ›ÉAÙàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨ÛË¿ã ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ‹OàÓ¨ı´Ú.

H™˜ÇË£´˘£M° É∞

ÛwÚ£Mô, ¸˘ÛÖÍË ı£Óã (Populism), ‹Ó° ÚÉËÛı£Óä ´Ô£Ç∞G¨Ù ﬁıüP° ´ÒÙ£FÇË ™Íôı£ÇAü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë, T.M. H™˜ÇË£´˘£M˘£ô GËõàÓäÜÏ ´£Û£ÜÏàFô 1880ËOô Ò£òÇCÍ ﬁÚÇËàF° Óà∂ı£òàÓ ‹ÛCÚô ‹vFı£ÛÉËú G¡ıä™ü¯˘. ¸˘ÛÖÍË ı£ÓàFü∞ã πFÚ Ò£òÇCÍ ´£ÇAü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´ÚÚ£˘ ´Ò£ÓΩÇ∞ ‹ÆJô ﬁºâÓ ∫ÇAÚ HÛÑC¨˘ ıÛÙ£ü¡ ∫°´˘£Ç∞ üPÚÓ£∞ã. ‹Ó£ı∂ ´Í£ÍLÍàFüË£˘ ÛwÚ £¨Ó Âº MıÍ£Úä πÛÜC ÕÙã ‹¨ÏÚä™¡Ò£, ‹Fô MıÍ£Ú ™Í£à∂¨Ï¨ÒJ° £ÛãKÚ ËãŒ° ıÆıÉËú ´Í£ÍÍLÍàFüË£˘ ‹Æä¨Ï¨Ú ıˆÉ∞Ò£? ‹ôÙ∂ ÛwÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ı˜òÑC¨Úªã Ôi˘ ™Ó£Nô∂¨¯ £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ‚øÑC¨Úªã ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£Ë ™Ë£á¥, ¸£KÍà¨Ó …ÇAi≤ÓΩã, ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ∞ÆÚÛ¨Í G¡æÓΩã, ´Í£ÍLÍ ‡ºÒ£ü¯àFüË£˘ ›Ûãà¨Ó G¡æÓΩÒ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞Ò£? ‚°∂Ó£°.

ÚÉËÛı£Ó∫ã MıÍ£JËO° ¸˘ÛÖÍËı£Ó∫ã πÛÜCËÛ ÍÇFJ° ∫ÇAÚ ÍÇF ‚°Óü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ı£F¥¨ËJô, Ó£´˘ ∫°π ¸˘ÛÖÍËı£Ó ﬁÚÇËàF° ∫ÇAÚ ‡¡äH˘Û£Ë ﬁºâFºâÓ´£FΩã√Ï, Óü™£ø∂ ÛwÚ£ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ıNJô ı˜òÑC ™ü¡ ıºıÓ£Ëæã, ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ıNı¨ËJ° ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£Ó M¨˜æ Âº ™Ó£Nü∂¨¯ £ÜÏ£O ıòÇËàF° ı˜òÑCÚ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ‚°¡ã, ﬁâÓä πFÚ ÍÕË ıòÇËãÓ£° πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô Íòı£FË£Ûà¨Ó ‹Ëü¡ÓLô, ÛwÚ£¨ı ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFü∞ Ò£ü¡ÓLô Òü¡ã GÙäHÛπà∂ıàF° ‹ÛCÚô ™£º˜£Ó£Û IÑÍ™Í£ÑÍÉË¨˜ ‹Ëü¡ÓLô, ´Í£ÍLÍàFü∞ Ò£¡ã ı¨ËJÙ£˘ ›Ûãà¨Ó ‡ºı£Ç∞ÓLô ﬁ°PÚ¨ÒÚ£ÓÓ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ‚°¡ã H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ıLª¡àF˘£ò.

Ò£òÇv Ò¨¯âÓ ›áÏ£˘ 1883ô H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò M¥Ó¨ÙÇ ∞ø (Emancipation of Labour Group) Â°¨¯ G¡MÚ¨Ò, ‹Pı£òâÓ∂ Òü¡ã ÍgÛgFÚ£˘ ∂Eı£˘∂ ‚°¨Ó √¯à ´Ó¨ı ﬁô¨Ù, ‹ÛCÚô bòÇËÓKÍ˘Ò£˘ ÒËàÓ£˘ ™ÍÚô ›∞ã. ´ÒΩã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ Ë£ÙàFô ﬁºâÓ ÛwÚ ¸˘ÛÖÍËı£ÓàFü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ∫°¨ıÇËäÜÏ H™˜ÇË£´˘£M° ı£ÓÉËú, H°˘ò ÛwÚ ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ËÜC (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) G¡ıä¥ã´£∂ ‹Óü∞ ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£ËÇ ™Ë£ú˜äÏMºâÓ ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏ ‹ÆàÓ˜ÉË¨˜ ÒÜ¥ã ‹¨ÒÇËMô¨Ù. Ò£¯£Ë, ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£á¥ ∫øıÓü∞ã, „° ﬁ°¡ı¨Û ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ›õâÓ CÇËΩÇ∞Ü¥à∂ã Ù πÛÜCËÛ Õ´Ù££Úã, ıòÇË ´Ô£Ç∞G¨Ù üPÚ Ù ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ M˚ÚÉËOô Ùıü¨¯ H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ∫°√ÜÆ´Ú ‚Fò£òàÓ F¯¨˘Ç ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£ò.

ﬁ°¡ ∫ÇAÚÒ£Ë, ´£∂Ò£˘ ÒFäπ ™£∂ı£ËÇ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏ£Òô, H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‹AÙ Ë£ÙÑ ÍË£äÓàFô (1889-1914) Ò£òÇCÍ Óà∂ıà¨Ó M˜ÇAÚ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ıòËOô ÂºıÛ£ËàÓ£° G¨˘æ √Ûä¥A¯£ò. ﬁöı¨ËJô ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ¨ÏäπÇËú Ùæã Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘, ‹´Ó´ÔÛàFô ™£∂ı£˘ ‹PÚ£¨ÒªÏ¬ã MÒòÍ˘àFü∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÜ¥ú˜˘. ‹FΩã ∞Pä£Ë, ™˝Ë¨Ùªã Òü¡ã ﬁÚÉAÚô ∫¨¯J° ∫ÇAÚà∂ıà¨Óªã ‹ıò ´£∂Ò£˘ ∫¨¯Jô ÒFäHÏàÓıPMÜÏ£ò ‚°¡ √¡ıòËO¨Ï´Ú ﬁÇËºà∂ GÙæA¯∂. ‹àÓ¨ËÚ ÓòÇËä HÓü¯ôË¨˜ ÆÇ∞ã´£∂ ‹ıü¨¯ ‚øFÚıòËú, H™˜ÇË£´˘£¨ı ËáÏ˘ã ™Íåªã ∫°˘ò ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ¨ÏäπÇË¨˜ ÆÇË Ò£ÜÏ£òË˜£ ‚°¯ ‚áÌãÓ£° GüA¯∂. Ò£òÇCÍ ™ÒåJÚΩÏ° (Marxist philosophy) ‹Pı£òâÓ ı¨ËJô H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ™Ë£áÆºâÓ ™Ó£Ïòπ ‚°¯ HÛÑC¨˘ üP Ô£° H°˘ò ´≤´ı°. ›˘£ô, ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£ËÇ √¯´ıá¥ã ‚°¯£ô ﬁâÓä HÛÑC¨˘ üPä ´≤ıÓü∞ ÔÒÇ∞ ﬁºÇ∞ã ‹ıË£Íà¨ÓMÏ √¥ÓÙ£ËàÓ£° ´ÔÛã ´ıá¥ã.

ﬁâÓÇ ËÜÏàFô, π¯ÇËEÇËMô¨ÙÚ£J°, ™£∂ı£Ë ∞¨¯à∂ÒFäHÏä¥ã πÛÜCËÛ Õ´Ù££Úã üPÚ H™˜ÇË£´˘£M° Òü™¯£º ÉA¨˘ªã Ô£° ıLª¡àÓ MºãπA´¯°. ‹Ó£ı∂, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË Ô˘M° ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ ‹HMºàFÚ£˘∂, ´Í£ÍLÍ Ô˘¨ı ËÜÏ¨ÒäFô ﬁ°PÚ¨ÒÚ£Ó Òü¡ã ÓMòÇËMÚÙ£Ó ‡â∂ ÍÇFÚ£Ë ﬁºä¨Óªã ‹ıò ıLª¡àF˘£ò.

™Ó£NÙ£˜ò M¥Ó¨Ù ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó G¡MÚ CÙ Ë£ÙàF´Ù´Ú ‚øÓä™ü¯, ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ∫â¨ÓÚ ¨ÏäπÇËOô IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘Ó£˘ ´Í£ÍLÍ∫ã ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏ∫ã (Socialism and the Political Struggle) ‚°¯ ÀLô, ‹ÛCÚL° ∫ÇAÚà∂ıà¨Ó GÛ£ËKà∂, ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ÓÉË¨˜ ‹ÛCÚô ÔÙ°ËOô H¨Ìà∂Ç ™Ë£á¥ Ë¨¯ÆÚMÏÇ √Ï£∂ ‚°¯ Ëºà¨ÓÇ √PJºâÓ ÛwÚ ‹Û£¸Ëı£FËO° G¨Ùä£Ü¨Ï H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ∫üPΩã ‚FòàÓ£ò. " '‹ÛCÚLô' ‹ÇË¨¯ Ë£ÜÆÚÓüË£Ë, ‹ÛCÚLô ›FÇËà¨Ó ‹¨ÏâÓ ‚âÓ ıòÇË∫ã ıºàÓäÏ ´ÔòâÓFô¨Ù. Ò£¯£Ë, ‹¨ı Âö™ı£°¡ã ‹ÛCÚLô ›FÇËà¨Ó ‹¨ÏâÓ H°˘òÓ£° ‡ÑÍ G¨Ù¨Ú ‹¨ÏâFºâÓ˘. ÍÕË Ò¡ËÜÏ¨ÒäHüË£˘ Âº F¯¨ÒÚ£˘ ËºMÓ£° ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏã ‚°¨Ó ıÛÙ£¡ GœHà∂ú˜¨Ó Ô£ã „üË´ıá¥ã." ‚°¡ H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ∞PäHÜÏ£ò.

H°˘ò ıòÇË Ô˘M° ı˜òÑCJ° ∫ÇAÚ ËÜÏÉË¨˜ H™˜ÇË£´˘£ö ›Û£åâ∂ √P˘£ò. W´ˆ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜ cáÏ âF, ‹Ó° ‡ú˜£òâÓ C¯äπ üPªã, cÆàÓ ∫ÇAÚà∂ıà¨Óªã C¯äHà∂Ç Ë£Ü¥A¯∂;

"Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ™£º˜£Ó£Û G¨Ù¨ÒÇ∞ã, ‹ÛCô Ó£° ™Ë£á¥ú˜ ‹ÛCÚô ÉAü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ™Ó£Ïò¨äüP Â¥ÇËäÜÏ ıòÇËã CP∂ CPÓ£ËàÓ£° ™ÓOı¨ÏA¯∂. cáÏ Ë£Ùã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ™£º˜£Ó£Ûä EË¨˜ üPÇ√Ï ‹∂ ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú¿ıFô¨Ù. ﬁö ıòÇËàFô ﬁºÇ∞ã ÓQ ÔòËú, ÍÕË ‹¨ÒäH° ‚âÓä áπËO˘£ô ÓÉË¿Ç∞ ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ﬁNG¨Ù „üÜ¥ú˜∂ ‚°¨ÓÑ CâFÇËÇ√Ï ∫ÆÚ£Òô, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ‹°¯£Ï ı£õMü∞ ´Ó¨ıÚ£˘ ·FÚà¨Ó ™¡ıÓü´Ë Ë¥¨ÒÚ£Ëä ´£KÏ ´ıáÆªú˜∂. ÓÉËú e∂ ıºã Ó£Ç∞ÓôËú, ‚ÉAºâ∂, ‚ıÛ£ô ™Ó£ÏÇËä¥A°¯˘ ‚°¡ √Ï ‹PÚ£Òô, ‹ıü¨¯ ÓMòÇË ‹ıòËú ∫ü¥A°¯˘ò. ﬁ¡F ›åMô ‹ıòËúÓ£° Ó£Ç∞ÓôË¿Ç∞ ﬁÙÇ∞ã ›ıò. ﬁ∂Ë£¡ã ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ıòÇË Ô˘æ ﬁºâÓFô¨Ù. ÓQäÜÏ Â¥Ç∞∫¨¯Ú£˜òË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ıNË£Ü¥ã ‡Úò CâÓ¨˘Ë¿ã ﬁô¨Ù. ‹ÏÇ∞∫¨¯Ç∞ÜÜ¥ú˜ ıòÇËã Ó˘ÇË£Ë ﬁ°¬ã ı£ˆMô¨Ù. Ô£˜¨ÏMô ‹∂ ÍÕËàFô IË ∫°´˘ü¯Ò£˘ ıòÇËÒ£Ë ‡ºı£∞ã. ›˘£ô, ﬁä™£ø∂ ‹∂ ‹âÓ G¨ÙJô ﬁô¨Ù. ›¿ã ıòÇËàF° ÂøÉ∞¥àÓäÜ¥ú˜ Ô˘ı£˘ ÍÇF¨Ú ÓQ¨Òä¥àÓäÜÏ ÓQÔòË˜£Ë ‹ôÙ∂ ÓQ¨Òä¥àÓäÜÏ ÓQÔòËO° ∞øı£Ë ÓQàÓQÚ£Ë ‚Fò´Ô£Ç∞ã ∫ÚüCË˜£Ë´ı ‡ú˜˘. ‡Ó£ÛÌàFü∞, ﬁä™£ø∂ã √Ï bMÛÒ£Ë ≤Ûá¥ã ∫ÓÙ£O¨Ú ∞Pä£Ë ™ı¡Ç∞ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¨˜ Ô£ã Ë£áA°´¯£ã. ›˘£ô, ≤Ûá¥ã ıòÇËã ∫øı∂ã ‚FòÇËäÏ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ G¨˘äπ ıÛMô¨Ù, ‹´Ó´£ô Âº ÒQÓ° Òü´¯£ò ÒQÓ¨˘ ≤Ûá¥ã ∫¨¯¨Ú ‹Ëü¡ıÓü∞ £¥Ï´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ CâÓ¨˘ªã ıÛMô¨Ù.

"›˘£ô, CP∂ CPÓ£Ë ™£∂¨Òä¥à∂ã ´£Ç∞ „ü¥A¯∂, Â¥ÇËäÜÏıòËú Ó£ÉËú Âº ıòÇËã ‚°∂ üP Ô˘ı¨ÏÚ ∫ü¥A°¯˘ò. ›˘£ô, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ıòÇË G¨Ù¨Ò üPÚ ∞PäHÜÏ √¡£¥Ë¨˜ä üP ‹ıòËú πKâFºàÓô ÂºÓ¨ÙäÜÍÒ£ËàÓ£° ﬁºÇ∞ã: ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ‡Ü£ò¨ıJô ﬁºâ∂ ∫ø ÍÕË ﬁÚÉ∞∫¨¯Jô ﬁºÇ∞ã …á¥ã Òü¡ã ‡â∂Óô ÍÇFËú Ò¨¯â∂Ó£° ﬁºÇ∞ã. ≤Ûá¥ã ıòÇËã ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ÓQäÜÏ ∫ÓÙ£OËO° √ÜÏ£Ë ´Ó£°¡A¯´Ó ‹°P ‹ıòËú ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨ÒäH° ﬁ¨ˆËO˘£ô ﬁ¨Ìâ∂ ™Ó£∞ä£Jºä´£ò ‚°¡ ´Ó£°¡ıFô¨Ù. ﬁâÓ ı˜òÑCÇ ËÜÏàFô Â¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜ıòËú ‡ú˜ÉËOô ™ÓOæ ﬁô¨Ù... "Í∫Ó£ÚàFü∞ã" "‹ÛCü∞ã" ‚°˘ ™Ó£Ïòπ ‡ú˜∂ ‚°∂ ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ™ÓKıFô¨Ù. ıòÇËÉËO° M´Û£Óä´£Ç∞Ë¿Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‹ÛÍ ‹FË£Ûã Ó°QÑ¨ÍÚ£å ™ÍÚô¥ıÓ£Ë ‹ıòË˜£ô ËºÓä¥A¯∂. ‹Ó° HÛFGFËú ‚F™ÛFÛ£˘ ıòÇËÉË¨˜ ÍÒÛÍä¥à∂ıòË˜£Ëæã ﬁÚü¨Ë cFFË˜£Ëæã ´Ó£°¡A°¯˘ò Òü¡ã ‹ıòËOÏàFô ‹ÏÇËäÜ¥ú˜ıòËú ∫ø ÔãHÇ¨Ë ¨ıÇA°¯˘ò. Ó£ÉËú ´Ë£ºã ‡ÓMÇ∞ ‚öMÓ ‡ÓMªã ıºıFô¨Ù ‚°¨Ó Ë£µã´£∂ ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ™ºã MÚäπ „ü¥A¯∂. ÓQäÜÏ ‡Ó£ÛÌÉË¨˜ √¯£Òô, ÍeàFô HKÜÆw ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú Ë£ÜÆÚ ∞ˆäÒ£˘ ËºàÓ£åæË¨˜ √¯Ù£ã. ‹ıòËú ™£º˜£Ó£Ûà ∂¨¯Jô ›ü¯ΩÏ° ´£K¥A°¯˘ò. ›˘£ô, ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ‹ÛCÚô ËÜCËOô „´Ó¬ã Â°¡Ï° Ó£ÉËú ´ÍòâFºÇË ∫Æªã ‚°¯ ÔãHÇ¨Ë¨Úªã ™Ë£á¥ú˜˘ò.

ﬁÓü∞ ‹¥àÓ, Ë¨ÏC ı˜òÑCÇ ËÜÏàFôÓ£° Â¥ÇËäÜÏ ıòÇËã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ G¨Ù¨Ò üP ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë ‹PA¯∂. Í∫Ó£ÚàFü∞ã ‹ÛCü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ™Ó£Ïòπ üP ﬁä™£ø∂ ‹∂ ‡ÌòA¯∂. ≤Ûá¥ã ‹¨Òä¨ ‡ºı£Ç∞ıòËOÏã ‹Ó° ≤ÛáÏÙ£˜òË¨˜ ËÜ¥ä¥à∂ÉËú ‚°¡ ﬁä™£ø∂ ‹∂ ∫¨¯J¥ıFô¨Ù, Â¥ÇËäÜÏıòËú ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ™Í£âÓ £∂Ë£äHüË£Ë ‹Û≤ ‚°¯ ´Ë£Ü¨Ï¨Ú ¨ËäüP Ò¡ ÂøÉ∞ ™ÍåÚ´ıá¥ã, ‹Ó° Ô¥G¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ËÌÇAô ‚¥à∂ ‹Ó¨˘ ‹ıòËú ËÏâ∂ ™ÍôÙ ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¨Ó Ô°∞ ‡ÌòA°¯˘ò; ÓÉË¨˜ ÒÜ¥´Ò ÔãH, Â¥ÇËäÜÏıòËú "‹ÛCÚLô ≤Ú- ‡ÓMÓ£°, ÍÕË ≤Ú-‡ÓMJ° ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ıÆıã ‚°¡ Lange √PJºä¨Ó ‹ıòËú ‹PA°¯˘ò. ﬁÓ° H°˘ò ‹ıòËú ÓÉË¿Ç∞ ‡ÓMÇ ™Ë£ú¿ıÓüË£Ëæã, ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ‡¯æË¨˜ Ò£ü¡ıÓü∞ã, ÓÉË¿¨Ï ™Í£âÓ ı˜òÑCÇË£Ëæã, ÔÙ°Ë¿ÇË£Ëæã, ÍÕË ∫¨¯Jô ﬁºÇ∞ã G¨Ù¨Ò Ò£ü¯ä¥ıÓü∞ã ‹ıòËú ‹ÛCÚô ›FÇËà¨Ó ™¡ıÓü∞ ´£K¥A°¯˘ò. ﬁâÓ ›FÇËã Â°¡ã ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ‡Ï˘ÆÚ£Ë A¨Ïà∂M¥ıFô¨Ù; Ô£˜¨ÏMôÓ£° ‹ıòËú ÍÇFı£åâÓ ‹¨Òä£Ë Ò£¡A°¯˘ò; ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ M´Û£FËO° Ó¥ä¨ ‹ËüPMÏÙ£ã ‚°¯ ∫¨˘äπ „ü¥A¯∂. cáÏË£ÙÒ£Ë ‹ıòËú CÙ ÍΩ¨ËË¿Ç∞ã Òü¡ã ´ÒÙ£FÇËã ıˆÉË£Ó ›˘£ô ‚FòË£Ù ´ÒÙ£FÇËàFüË£˘ Ç∞ıã Òü¡ã ‹HMºàFÇË£˘ Í£àFÚà¨Ó ÒÜ¥´Ò ıˆÉ∞ã ‹àÓ¨ËÚ YòFºàÓÉË¨˜ ÒÜ¥ã ´Ë£ºA°¯˘ò; YòFºàÓÉËú ‹ıòËO° ‡Ï˘Æ Òü¡ã IË ‹ıÍÛÒ£˘ ´Ó¨ıË¨˜ ÃòàF ™Íåªã YòFºàÓÉË¨˜ªã, Ô£ÜÆô ﬁºÇ∞ã ÍÕË ı£õMô ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ™Íôı£Ç¨Ë CP´Ó¬ã ı˜òäÓü∞ ‡Óæã ı¨ËJΩã cÜÆÇË MºãπA°¯˘ò. M´Û£FJ° ‚ô¨ÙJô C¡ ﬁÏÉË¿ÇË£Ë ´£Û£ÜÏã ‚°¯ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ úO¨Ú ËÏäÓ° ÕÙã ÒÜ¥ãÓ£°, Â¥ÇËäÜÏ ıòÇËã ‡¡Fªã, bÛà¨Óªã bòÇËÒ£˘ ªàÓàFü∞ ´Ó¨ıÚ£˘ ‹HMºàF¨Úªã ™¡A°¯∂. ›˘£ô ﬁâÓ ∞ÌÔÙ°Ë¨˜ ‹¨ÏâÓH°, ‹âÓ ıòÇËã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ M´Û£FË¨˜ ıÛÙ£ü¯£ô ËáÏ˘àFü∞ÜÜ¥MÜÏ ıòÇËÒ£Ë ‹âÓ ıòÇËàFô ﬁ¡FJô Ë£Ì∫ÆA¯∂, ﬁÓ° H° Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ™ıüP üP ﬁÓü∞ ‚âÓMÓ ‰Úä£¥ã ´Ó¨ıJô¨Ù. πÛÜC ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËä¥ı∂ πÛÜCËÛ ıòÇËä´£Û£ÜÏã ‚°¬ã cáÏ Ô£ÏËàFô Ë¨ÏCÇ Ë£ÜCÓ£°, ‹∂ Âº ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏÒ£Ë ›∞ã ‹˜MôÓ£° Ô˘ı£˘Ó£A¯∂.

"ﬁä™£ø∂ ‡ú˜ ´ËúMÚ£˘∂: Í∫Ó£ÚàF° ËÜÏ¨Òäπ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‡¯æËO° ‹Æä¨ÏJô GòÌJÇËä¥A¯∂ ‚°¯ G¨Ùä£Ü¨Ï √Pà ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¨˜ '‹ÛCÚLô' ﬁºâ∂ H°ı£ÉË¨ıàÓô ´Í£ÍLv¥Ë¿Ç∞ ‡ËâÓ ™ÍÚÙ£? GÑÍÚÒ£Ë ‡ËâÓ∂ ‹ôÙ! ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞ ™Ë£á¥ú˜ ‹Ñ¨Í (›Ó£Ûà Ó˜à¨Ó), ﬁöı¨Ë Pà∂M¥ã. ﬁ∂ ÓÉËú ∫ÚüCË¨˜ ÒàFÚä¥à∂ã Í£àFÚä£¥Ë¨˜ Pà∂, ≤Ûá¥´ı£Û£ô ‹¨ÒÇËäÜ¥ú˜ ÍÕË ‹¨ÒäH°e∂ ÓÉËú Ó£Ç∞ÓôË¨˜ ﬁÙÇ∞ ¨ıÇ∞ã Òü¡ã ÂºÉ∞¥à∂ã ı£åä¨ªã Pà∂M¥ã. Ò£¯£Ë ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ™ËKôÙ£ä ´£ò∫¨¯¨Ú ÓQäÜÏ ≤ÛáÏôË£ÛòË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ‹ôÙ∂ ‹ôÙ∂ ‹ÛC° ÂøÉ∞¥àÓäÜÏ ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó ÓÉËú ÇËã ‚ä™£ø∂ã ™üPºÇ∞ã ≤ÛáÏÙ£˜òËO° IËà ÓQäÜÏ ∞øÇËO° e∂ ™Ó£¥ÇË ¨ıÇ∞ã" [3]

H™˜ÇË£´˘£ı£ô ÔÏàÓäÜÏ ´£Û£ÜÏã, ´Í£ÍLv¥Ëú ‚°¡ ÓÉË¨˜ ‹¨ˆà∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿ıòËO° ‹Æä¨Ïä EË¨˜ ı¨ÛÚ¡àÓ∂. ‹Ó£ı∂ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ‹ÛCÚô Ô˘M° ‹HMºàFe∂ ‹ıòËO° ‹¨˘à∂ ∫ÚüCË¨˜ªã Âº∫Ëä¥àÓæã ´Í£ÍLÍäπÛÜCJ° Ó¨Ùı˘£Ë ‹Ó° ıÛÙ£ü¡ä £àFÛàFüË£Ë ‹Ó¨˘ ÓÚ£KÇËæã ›∞ã. ﬁâÓ ı¨ÛÚ¨¯Jô ‡ú˜£òâ∂ ﬁºä∂ ËÜCJ° ıÛÙ£ü¡ ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ›∞ã. ﬁâÓÇ ËºMJ° ÕÙãÓ£° Âº FÜÏıÜÏÒ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏàF° ‹Æä¨ÏJô ﬁâÓ Ô˘æ ‚øÑCª¡ã Òü¡ã ‹HMºàF ™ÍåÚä¥ã. .

H™˜ÇË£´˘£M° ‚øà∂ÇËú ¸˘ÛÖÍËı£FË¨˜ Âº ™ÔºÇËÆJô ÓúOÚ∂. 1880 ËO° Ë¨ÏCä ∞FJô ‹ıòË¿Ç∞, Âº ÓÍ£äÓã ∫° "ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ" ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ Ë£ÜÆÇ ™Ë£¥àÓıò ‚°¡ Ó£ÉËú ËáÆàFºâÓ Âº ÒQÓK° Ó£Ç∞ÓLô ﬁºâ∂ ÓÉË¨˜´Ú Ë£à∂Ç™Ë£ú˜ ´ıáÆÚ G¨Ù ™ÓOı£Ë „üÜÏ∂. ÚÉËÛı£ÓàF° ‹ÛCÚô Fı£ôÓ°¨Ò ™ºAÚ ∫¨¯Jô ™ıOäÜÏ∂. ÚÉËÛı£Óã, ¸£KÍ ›ÜC¨Ú ‹Ñ≤¡àF ‹∂ Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ıNË¨˜ Ò£üPÇ™Ë£ú˜ ‡â∂Óô ™Ë£¥ä´Ó ‚°¡ M˜ÇAÚ H™˜ÇË´˘£æã ﬁ°¬ã „Û£˜Ò£˘ Ò£òÇCÍı£FË¿ã ÚÉËÛı£FË¨˜ "∞á¥¨ıàFºÇ∞ã Ó£Û£˜ı£FËú" ‚°¡ ∞PäHÜÏ˘ò. ﬁâÓ MıÛÌã, À¡ ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ H°˘ò ﬁ°¡ã√Ï IËä ™£ºàÓÒ£Ë ‡ú˜∂. ´ÒΩã ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ÚÉËÛı£Óã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° Ô˘¨ı ı˜òÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ cáÏË£Ùä ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó π¯ÇËEÇA¯∂ ‚°¡ã H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ıLª¡àF˘£ò. ´ÒΩã, ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ÚÉËÛı£Óã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° Ô˘¨ı ‡Úòà∂ıÓü∞ cáÏ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó π¯ÇËEà∂, FÙ£Ë ÓQäÜÏ bÛÒ£˘ ÓQÔòËO° Nı£É∞ã Ó£Ç∞ÓôË¿Ï° ÛâÓ ÒÇË¨˜ I°‹Fòæ ™Ë£ú˜¨ıÇ∞ã ∫ÚüCJô, ‹ıòË¨˜ ÒF™ËÏÑ ™ÍåÚæã ™ÔPH¯ˆÑ™ÍåÚæã ÒÜ¥´Ò Ú°¥ã ‚°¡ H™˜ÇË´˘£ö ıLª¡àF˘£ò.

Notes:

[3] Selected Philosophical Works, Volume I (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), pp. 76-80.