Lecture Three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done? Part 1

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Lecture Three: The origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?

Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨Û: ´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã "‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?"

∞F 1 | ∞F 2 | ∞F 3 | ∞F 4 |∞F 5|∞F 6|∞F 7

By David North
6 September 2005

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ﬁ∂ ''´£ôSMÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã Òü¡ã ‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã? ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨ÙàÓ˜ ›CKÚò ∞øà Ó¨Ùıò ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òàF˘£ô, IÑCË° ‹° ›òKô, ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ ´Ë£¨Ï úOJô, ›ËvÜ 14 ∫Óô ›ËvÜ 20 ı¨Û GËõàFÚ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛJ° ∫Óô ∞FÚ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨Û „ø ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOıºã.

ﬁ∂ ﬁäúOJô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ Õ°¯£ã MKæ¨ÛÚ£∞ã. "ÛwÚ£ä πÛÜCªã ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° bòÇËäÏ£Ó ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ë¿ã" ‚°¯ ∫Óô MKæ¨Û ›ÉAÙàFô ›ËvÜ 29ô ﬁºâ∂ ™ÍäÏãò 1 ı¨Û Ô£°∞ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ MKæ¨ÛÚ£˘ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫â¨ÓÚ ™£øFô Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‚Fòà∂ FºàÓôı£Óã" ‚°∂ Õ°¡ ∞FË˜£Ë ™ÍäÏãò 2, 4 Òü¡ã 5 ›AÚ ´ÓFËOô ›ÉAÙàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ MKæ¨ÛË¿ã ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ‹OàÓ¨ı´Ú.

ÛwÚ Ò£òÇCÍàF° ´Ó£ü¯ã

‹ÛCÚô ´Ë£Ü£ÜÆ´Ù´Ú IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘, ›õâÓ, ‰ÚàFüAÏIôÙ£Ó πÛÜCä ¨ÏäπÇËOô Â°¯£˘ ™ÙQQ° "‚°˘ ™ÍåÚ ´ıá¥ã?" ‚°¯ À¨Ùä üPÚ ∞ä£åı£Ë ﬁ°¨¯Ú MKæ¨Û ‹¨Òªã. ™ı∞ CÙ ¨ÏäπÇË´˜ ‹âÓ ‹˜æÇ∞ Óı¯£Ëà FKàÓΩÇ∞ã ™£å¨Òä¥à∂ΩÇ∞ã ›˜£Aªú˜˘. ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ËôM ‡Úò√ÏÉËOô ﬁºÇ∞ã ËÌÇAÙÏÉË£ ™ÙQ° ™ı¡ä£˜òË¿Ç∞ --1991 ı¨Û ﬁıòËOô CÙò ™ÙQ¨˘ IËæã ´£ü¡ıòË˜£Ë Ó£´Ò Ò˘Ó£Û „ü¡Ç™Ë£áÏıòËú-- ﬁâÓ ÀôÓ£° ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ b¨ÒËú ‹¨˘à∂Ç∞ã ﬁ¡Fä ™£¡ä£∞ã. ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ËáÏ˘ÉË¿Ç∞ Ô£° M¨ÏÚOÇË Mºãπı´Ó£¥, 1902ã ›á¥ ¸£KÍ ÛwÚ ‹ÛCÚô ≈ˆLô ﬁÚÉAıâÓ Âº CPÚ ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËàFüË£Ë ‚øÓäÜÏ ﬁâÀô „° ﬁºàF´Ú£Û£ã Àü¯£áÆ° ∫Óô ÓÍ£äÓàFô ´Í£ÍLÍ ﬁÚÇËFüË£˘ ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ÒËàÓ£˘ Óà∂ı£òàÓ Òü¡ã Ô¨Ï∫¨¯ä ™£ºàÓà¨Ó ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂ ‚°¨Óªã M˜ÇË MºãπA´¯°.

´¸òÒQJô à™Ó£°Ó£ã Àü¯£áÆ° Ë¨ÏC Õ°¯£ı∂ ∞FJô ı˜òÑCªü¯ Ò£òÇCÍ ﬁÚÇËà¨Óä üP Ô£° ´≤ã´£∂, ‹Ó° ı˜òÑCJ° πÚô ´£°¯, ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£Ë Ó¥äÓü∞ ﬁÚÙ£Ó Ó°¨Ò¨ÚÇ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ∂ ‚°¨Ó ıLª¡àFJºâ´Ó°. MÚàÓ∞ ∫¨¯Jô IËÇ ∞¡AÚ Ë£ÙàFô, ÍÕË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËÜC ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ÛâÓ ‹¨Òä£Ë ™ıOäÜÆºâÓ∂. ‹Ó° ™ıüPËú ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú, FÚ£ËÉËú ﬁôÙ£Òô ‹¨ÏÚäÜÆºÇË ∫ÆÚ£Ó¨ı ›∞ã. ›˘£ô, ÛwÚ πÛÜCÚ£˜òËú ‚Fò™Ë£áÆºâÓ ≈ˆΩÏ° ÂäHÜ¥ä£òÇ∞ã´£∂, ´¸òÒ° ´Í£ÍLv¥Ëú Âäπ¨ÒJô Í£ÓËÒ£˘ ≈ˆLôÓ£° EÚ£üP˘ò ‚°¯ Ëºà¨Ó Âºıò ÓMòÇË∫ÆÚ£∂.

Ó°¬¨ÏÚ Hâ¨ÓÚ ¨ÏäπÇËOô Â°Pô, ´Í£ÍLÍ ‹¨ÒäH´Ù´Ú IË ›ü¯ô ı£åâÓ πÛÜCËÛ ‹¨Òäπ ÛwÚ£Mü∞ú ´Ó£°PÚÓüË£˘ Ë£ÛÌÉË¨˜ M˜ÇË ∫ÚüCÇ¨ËJô, ™ÙQ° H°ıºÒ£¡ ‚øF˘£ò: ÛwÚ£, ‰ã∂ ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£˘ ∫°™˘£º´£∂ã ﬁôÙ£Ó ´ıÓ¨˘, FÚ£Ëã ›AÚıü¯£Ωã, ∫°™˘£º´£∂ã ﬁôÙ£Ó πÛÜCËÛà bÛàF˘£Ωã, Ôã∫ÆÚ£Ó ‹˜Mü∞ ›ü¯¨Ù ™ıOä¥àFªã, ›õâÓ ´ÓÏLô ﬂ¥Ü¥ã, ›åâ∂ã, Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Jô ´Í£Fà∂ã, „Ò£ü¯ã ‹¨Ïâ∂ã, ‰´Û£äHÚ ‹¬ıà∂Ï° ÂäHÜ¥ã, ÍK£òà∂ã Â´Û ÍKÚ£˘ πÛÜCËÛ ´Ë£Ü£Ü¨Ï ‹Ó£ı∂ Ò£òÇCÍà¨Ó ‹¨ÏâÓ∂". [1]

1825ô ¸£KÍ Íòı£FË£Ûà¨Ó …ÇA ‚PıÓü∞ ´ÛÛC° ‡Úò ﬁÛ£µı ‹FË£KËú ∞ø Â°¯£ô ‚¥ÇËäÜÏ ™ıüP™¯£Ó ∫ÚüCªÏ° ›ÛãHà∂, ÛwÚ£Mü∞ú ≤ÚFÚ£Ëã, CP∂ã ·ˆÙü¯Ó°¨Ò, ‹ÑÍIôÙ£ ´Û£òıã ›AÚ ÒÛπ ™ıOäÜÏ∂. ¸£KÍ Íòı£FË£ÛàF° ™Ë£«ÛÒ£˘, ﬁNâÓ Ó°¨Ò¨Úªã, ‹∂ Ó¨Ù¨Ò Ó£ÉAJºâÓ Âº ÍÕËä Hü´£Ç∞àÓ˘à¨Óªã Ò£ü¡ıÓü∞ Âº ıN¨Úà ´ÓÏô ‚°∂, ÛwÚ ‹PæpæËO¨Ï´Ú ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ÍÕË, ËÙ£ÑÍ£Û ﬁÚôGËõÑCJ° ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï Ó£ÉAG°¯ Âº CΩ¨ıä´£K° KÌ£Òà¨Óªã ‚¥àÓ∂. ﬁFô ﬁºâ∂Ó£° ÛwÚ Ô£ıôËú, ﬁÙÇAÚ MÒòÍ˘ÉËú Òü¡ã ÛwÚ πÛÜC ﬁÚÇËã ›AÚ¨ı ‚øâÓ˘.

ﬁ˜ã Ü™Û£ÜvAJ° ÍKÓã üP, Max Eastman (ﬁıò ´Í£ÍLvÏ£Ë ı£õâÓ ›á¥ËOô) ‚øFªú˜ ÀLô Âº IËÑ C¯âÓ ∞FJô ÛwÚ πÛÜCÚ£˜Q° ÓË¨Ò üPÚ WõÇËáÏ MıÛÌà¨Ó ™Ë£¥ÇA¯£ò:

"ÛwÚ£Mô ﬁâÓä πÛÜC¨Ú G¨¯´ıü¡ıÓü∞ ›áË¿ã ™áË¿Ò£Ë Âº MÚäÃÜ¥ã Ó¨Ù∫¨¯J˘ò H¯âÓ˘ò. ‹âÔ£ÜÆ° ‚âÓ Õ¨Ù ∫¥Ç∞ËOô ™Í°¯£Ωã, cÉËú CÙ ‹¨ÒFÚ£˘, ıL¨ÒÚ£˘, CâÓ¨˘ ´ÓÉAÚ ∫ËÉË¨˜ cÉËú ™ÍôΩã π¨ËJÛÓÉËOΩã, ·òFËOΩã Ë£ÌÙ£ã; ‹∂ Ô¥àÓÛ ıÚ∂¨ÏÚ ™ıú¨˜G¯, Óà∂ıã ™ÓPÇ∞ã ™ÔüP¨Úªã, ﬁ¨ˆâÓ øäπà Ó£Æ¨Úªã ™Ë£áÆºÇËÙ£ã. ‹ôÙ∂ Âº ıÚÓ£˘ ™á √KÚ πºıÉË¿Ï°, ı£åË¨˜Ñ ≤üP Ë¥¨Ò GÙæã Ó£å¨Ò G¨¯âÓıÛ£Ëæã ﬁºÇËÙ£ã. ‹ôÙ∂ Âº Ô¥àÓÛ ıÚF˘´Û£, ﬁ˜ã ™á´Ì£ ıYËÛ ‹ˆ∞Ï° ﬁºâÓ£Ωã Âº dÛÉA¨Ú ‚Fòà∂ d¥ Ô¨Ï ´£¥ã Ó°¨Ò¨Ú ™Ë£á´Ï£ ﬁºÇËÙ£ã; cÉËú MÍ£KàÓ£ô, ‹ıòËú ‹¨˘ıºã "∫°¨˘Ú ËÜCä EÚ£˜òËú" ‚˘ cÉËú Ë£ÌÙ£ã. "ÚÉËÛı£Ó ﬁÚÇË ÒÛH° H°˘EJô ı˜òâÓ ﬁıòËú, Âº Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ Òü¡ã ™ºÒFäπ¨ÏÚ FÚ£ËàF° ÔãHÇ¨Ë ÒÛ¨Ç ™Ë£á¥, ∞ˆâ¨Ó HÛ£ÚàF´Ù´Ú ÒQÓ∞Ùà¨Ó ´ÔCÇË ËüHÇËäÜ¥, ‡ÌòÑCıÍä¥ãÓ°¨Ò ﬁôÙ£Òô CâFÇËÇ Ëü¡Ç™Ë£á¥, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ‚¸Ò£˘òË˜£Ë Ó£ÉË´˜ ﬁºÇ∞ã ´Ò°¨Ò¨Úªã ‹PâÓ ı¨ËJô, ﬁ¯ä¨ªã ÓÉË¿Ï° ﬁºÇË ‹¬ÒFà∂, ﬁ˜ıÚF´Ù´Ú Âº πFÚ M˚Úà¨Ó, ‹Ó£ı∂ Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Ç´Ëü¯ı¨ËJô CâFÇË Ëü¯˘ò. ∞PÇ´Ë£ú Òü¡ã πÙã™ÚòÓô ‚°¯ bäHˆãπËOô ‹ıòËú ıL¨Ò ‹¨ÏâFºâÓ˘ò. ‹ıòËú AÜÏàÓÜÏ Âº ™ºâÓ¨ËIÇË ÂøÉA˘Û£J˘ò, ´Óòâ™Ó¥ÇËäÜÏ ›Ïıºã ™áÆºã ıÜÏ ´Ò¨¸J° ∞F¨ÛiÛòËú ‹ôÙ∂ ¸ä£QÚ iÛòË¨˜ä´£ô iÛã™ÍPâ∂ ÔãHÇ¨ËÇ∞ËâÓıòË˜£Ë, ›˘£ô ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ´ÒÓ¨Ë¨ÒJ° Ë£äπK¨ÒË¨˜ ËÏâÓ Ë£ÙàFô ‹ôÙ£∂ ‚FòË£ÙàFô ÔãHÇ¨Ë ¨ıàÓıòË˜£Ë ›J˘ò."[2]

Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ›Ûã ËÜÏÉËOô, ÛwÚ πÛÜCËÛ ﬁÚÇËã Ó°¨˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó ´Ô£ÇA ıNÔÏàFÇ ™Ë£áÆºÇËMô¨Ù. Ò£¯£Ë, ‹∂ Ó°¨˘ ÒÇËÜ ™Ó£¨ËJô ‹KIÓÒ£˘ ™ºã£°¨Ò¨Ú ™Ë£áÆºâÓ MıÍ£JËO°£ô ´Ô£Ç∞G¨Ùä¥àÓäÜÆºâÓ∂, 1861ã ›á¥, ¸£ò Ò°˘ò ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‹™ÙÇÍ£âÓÛ£ô (Tsar Alexander II) HÛËÏ˘ä¥àÓäÜÏ, ‹Æ¨Ò ∫¨¯Jô ﬁºâ∂ MıÍ£JËO° ÍãHÛÓ£ÚÃòıÒ£˘ M¥Ó¨ÙÚ£˘∂ ÛwÚ ´ÛÛC° ÍÕË-‹ÛCÚô ËÜÏ¨ÒäH° ∫Ûá£¥Ë¨˜ ‡ÇAÛä¥àFÚ∂. MıÍ£JË¿Ç∞ ËüHÇËæã ‹ıòË¨˜ Ô˘æÃòıÒ£˘ ÍÕË Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô ı£õMü∞ ﬂòÇËæã ‹ıòËú ÒàFJô ™Í°¯ Ò£Ìıò-ﬁ¨˜ÎòËO° ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó 1870Ëú ËáÏ∂. ﬁâÓ ﬁÚÇËÉË¿Ç∞ ™KÚ ‹˜Mô ‹ÛCÚô ™Íôı£Ç∞, ∫ÇAÚÒ£å ‹Û£¸Ëı£Ó (Anarchism) ´Ë£Ü£Ü¥ı£FË˜£˘ Ùö´Û£ö Òü¡ã Ç∞Q° (Lavrov, Bakunin) ›A´Ú£KÏIºâ∂ ıâÓ∂. H°˘ıò ∞Pä£Ë MıÍ£Ú ÒÇËO° Âº ‚øÑCJLºâ∂ ÛwÚ£M° πÛÜCËÛ Ò£ü¯à¨Ó ‚Fò´Ô£ÇA˘£ò. MıÍ£JËO° ‹ÇË¨¯J°¨Òªã, ‹ÛC° ‹ÏÇ∞∫¨¯ªã ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ÍFàFÜÏ Òü¡ã ÚÉËÛı£Ó ´£Û£ÜÏ ıN∫¨¯Ë¨˜ „ü∞ã G¨ÙÇ∞à ÓúO˘. ÚÉËÛı£Ó ‹¨ÒäπÇËO´Ù´Ú IËÇ ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ‹¨Òä£Ë ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ Mºäã ‚°¯ ™£ºú ™ü¯, Ô´Û£Ü¨ÔÚ£ ´ı£ôÚ£ (Narodnaia Volya) ﬁºâÓ∂.

Notes:

[1] "Left-Wing" Communism, An Infantile Disorder (New York: International Publishers, 1969), p. 11.

[2] London: New Park, 1980, pp. 53-54