Africa and the perspective of international socialism

WSWS :Tamil : ICFI

Africa and the perspective of international socialism

›HKÇË£æã Íòı´ÓÍ ´Í£ÍLÍ ∫°´˘£Ç∞ã

By Richard Tyler
25 March 2006

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ﬁ∂ 2006, ¸˘ıK 22ã FËF ∫Óô 27ã FËF ı¨Û CÜQJô Ô¨Ï™ü¯ ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜àF° Íòı´ÓÍ ›CKÚò ∞ø (IEB) √ÜÏàFô ›HKÇË£ üP KÑÍòÜ ™ÏåÙò ‹OàÓ ‹PÇ¨Ë W´ˆ HÛ≤KÇËä¥A¯∂. ™ÏåÙò ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜àF° Gººã ﬁÉAÙ£â∂ ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜCJ° ‡¡äH˘ºÒ£ı£ò.

Ë£ÙQà∂ıàF° £ÛãKÚàF° bÉ∞ M¨˜MÇA°¯ ÉA° Ù ∂°ËÛÒ£˘ ‡Ó£ÛÌÉË¨˜ ´ı¡ ‚âÓ ËáÏ∫ã ıˆÉ∞ı∂ Í£àFÚIô¨Ù ‚˘ √¯Ù£ã.

‡ÙA° ∫°˘E ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Ô£¥ËO° ¨ËËOô Àü¯£á¥Ë˜£Ë ≤ÛáÏôË¿Ç∞ú˜£˘¨Óªã Â¥Ç∞∫¨¯Ç∞ú˜£˘¨Óªã ›Û£Ú£Òô ›HKÇË£M° Âº Ëºà…°PÚ ıÛÙ£ü¨¯ ‚ø∂ı∂ ‚°∂ Í£àFÚÒ£Ë£∂. ﬁ∂ ﬁöıPÇ¨ËJ° ‹˜Mü∞ ‹ä£üÜÏ∂. ‚Q¬ã CÙ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ‹ÛCÚô MÏÚÉË¨˜ Ô£° ≤ºÇËÒ£Ë ∞PäHÏ ∫ÚüCÇA´¯°. ‹∂ ÔÒ∂ ∫°´˘£Ç¨Ë ‹HMºàF ™ÍåÚ CÙ ÓËıôË¨˜ ıˆÉ∞ã.

‡úŸò ‚¸Ò£˘òË˜£Ë ™ÍÚô¥A°¯ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıı£FË˜£ô ‹ôÙ∂ ´ÒüËàFÚ ™ºG¡ı˘ÉËO° ¨ËËOô ›HKÇË£M° IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ÒÇËO° Â¥Ç∞∫¨¯, ı¡¨Ò Òü¡ã ∂°àF¨˘ (Ù ›HKÇË Âü¡¨Òı£Óã ‡ÜÏ) ô´ı¡ ı¨ËÚ£˘ ´ÓCÚı£ÓàFü∞ FºãπıF˘£ô bòà∂Ç™Ë£ú˜Ù£ã ‚°¡ √¡´ı£ò Ùò ‡ú˜˘ò. ‚Q¬ã Ô£ÉËú √¡ı∂ ‚°˘™ı°¯£ô, ﬁÙ£ ∫¨¯Ç∞ ∫ü¡äπúO ¨ıÇË, ∫°´˘PÚ Ô£¥ËOô ‡ú˜ ‡¨ˆÇ∞ã ÒÇË¿Ï° ›HKÇË£Mô ‡ú˜ MıÍ£Ú ™ı∞¸˘ÉË¨˜ªã Ë¡äH˘ ‡¨ˆÇ∞ã ÒÇË¨˜ªã ´£Û£ÜÏàFô ﬁ¨ÌÇ∞ã Âº ÚÓ£òàÓÒ£˘ ∫°´˘£ÇAô ÒÜ¥´Ò ﬁ∂ Í£àFÚã ‚°Ó£∞ã.

ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‡ÙËä´£ò ∫ÆâÓ´£∂ Õ°¡ ≤ÓâFÛ ›HKÇË Ô£¥Ëú Ó£° ﬁºâÓ˘, ›˘£ô 1960 ı£ÇAô ™ºã£Ù£˘¨ı ≤ÓâFÛã ™ü¯¨ıÚ£A˘.

‹´ÔËÒ£Ë ‹¨Û Àü¯£á¥Ç∞ H°˘ò ﬁä´£∂ ÍãHÛÓ£Ú ≤ÓâFÛã, ›HKÇË£M° „¨ˆ ÒÇËO° ı£õÇ¨ËJô ‚âÓMÓ G¨ÙÚ£˘ ∫°´˘ü¯à¨Óªã ıˆÉËMô¨Ù ‚°∂ ™ÓOı£AMÜÏ∂. ≤ÓâFÛã ™ü¯ CÙ ›á¥ËOô ≤Ë£Ó£Ûã ËôM ´£°¯ ∂¨¯ËOô „´Ó£ ∫°´˘ü¯ã „üÜÏ∂ ‚°¯£Ωã 1980ËOô ı¡¨Ò Ò¡Æªã √ò¨ÒÚ£Ë ‹FËKÇË ™Ó£ÏÉAÚ∂Ï°, 1990 ËOΩã πFÚ Àü¯£áÆΩã bMÛÒ¨ÏâÓ∂.

‡ÙË ıÉAJ˘£ô ıˆÉËäÜ¥ú˜ πúO MıÛÉËú ›HKÇË£Mô ‡á¨ÒJô „¨ˆËú ´ÒΩã „¨ˆË˜£A ıºA°¯˘ò ‚°¡ ‚¥à∂ÇË£Ü¥ÇA°¯˘. Âº Ô£¨˜Ç∞ Âº Ï£ÙºÇ∞ã ∞¨¯ı£Ë ıºÒ£˘ã ™¡A¯ıòËO° ÍÛ£ÍK F˘ÍK ıºÒ£˘ã 1981ô 64 ™Íá¥Ë˜£Ë ﬁºâ∂ 2001ô 60 ™Íá¥Ë˜£Ë ∞¨¯âÓ∂. ﬁ°¬ã Ù ›Ó£ÛÉËO°Æ ›HKÇË£ ™Ò£àÓàFΩã ·ÜÏÑÍà∂ÌM°¨Òªã ı˜òâ∂ ıºA¯∂.

ﬁöMÓã ı¡¨Òªã ÜÆQªã GÙæıÓü∞ ´Ò£ÍÒ£˘ GÙä£É∞, Í£∞Æ ™£åàÓô ´£°¯ "ﬁÚü¨Ë" HÛÑC¨˘Ëú ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËä¥ı¨Ó´Ú£, MıÍ£Ú ﬁÚâFÛÉËú Òü¡ã ﬁÛÍ£Ú˘ÉËú (‹¨ı ∫ÇAÚ ‹ãÍÉË˜£Ë ﬁºâÓ£Ωã) ﬁôÙ£¨ÒJ° HÛÑÍ¨˘Ë¨˜´Ú£ Ë£ÛÌã √PMÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂.

›HKÇË£M° ı¡¨Ò Ã´Ë£˜ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ™£º˜£Ó£ÛàF° ´ÔÛÆ M¨˜ı£∞ã. Ò£òÇv H°ıºÒ£¡ ÍÇFı£åâÓ ∫¨¯Jô MıKàÓ∂ ´£Ù ‹∂ ﬁâÓ GËõæä´£ÇA° Ó¨ÙÚ£Ú ‡Ó£ÛÌÒ£∞ã.

"Âº ∫¨˘Jô ™Íôıã ∞MâÓ£ô, ‹´Ó ´ÔÛàFô Ò¡∫¨˘Jô ∂°ã, Ë¥ã ‡¨ˆäπ, ‹Æ¨ÒàÓ˘ã, ‹PÚ£¨Ò, ™Ë£«ÛàÓ°¨Ò, Ò˘ ‹ıÒFäπ ›AÚ˘ ∞Mâ∂ Ë£Ìä¥ã. ‹Ó£ı∂, ÕÙÓ˘ ıÆMô ‹Ó° ™£ºÜË¨˜ ‡üàF ™ÍåA°¯ ıòÇËàF˘ò ﬁâÓ G¨ÙÇ∞ ›˜£ıò."

‰ÇAÚ Ô£¥ËO° ‹PMäH°Æ ∫ø¨ÒÚ£˘ ı¡¨ÒJô ı£øã ÒÇËO° £KÚ˜¨ı ‡ú˜ÏÇAÚÓ£Ë ≤Ò£ò Âº HôLÚ° ›HKÇË ÒÇËú ‡ú˜˘ò. ‹ıòËú Âº Ô£¨˜Ç∞ Âº Ï£Ùò ‹ôÙ∂ ‹Óü∞ã ∞¨¯ı£˘ ıºÒ£˘ã ™Ë£áÏıòË˜£Ë ı¨ÛÚ¡ÇËä¥A¯∂. Íòı´ÓÍ Ô£ÌÚ GFÚã Òü¡ã ‡ÙË ıÉAJ° ™£º˜£Ó£Û ÓËıôËO°Æ ÂÜ¥™Ò£àÓ ı¡¨Ò ÒÜÏã ‹FËKà∂ú˜∂ --ﬁº∂ ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ ∫°˘ò 42 ÍÓMAÓÒ£Ë ﬁºâÓFLºâ∂ ‹FËKà∂ ﬁ°¨¯Ú ËáÏàF° ı¡¨Ò 47 ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó ‡ú˜ÏÇAªú˜∂.

›HKÇË£Mô „Ë£FàFÚ £àFÛàF° ÓQä™ºã ∞ü¯ã ‡á™Ï°¯£ô ‹∂ ›HKÇË£¨ı dÆà∂ú˜ ‚åÜv ´Ô£å ‚°¯ ıÆMÙ£˘ ™ºã ≤Ë£Ó£ÛÇ ´Ë¥ ›∞ã.

UNAIDS ÓËıL°Æ ›HKÇË£Mô ‡ú˜ ∂¨Ì-ÍË£Û£Mô 2005ã ›áÆô 25.8 IôLÚ° ÒÇËú HIV/AIDS ´Ô£åÇ∞ú˜£˘£òËú. ﬁ∂ ‡ÙA° ™Ò£àÓàFô Õ°Pô ﬁÛá¥ É∞ ›∞ã. ‹âÓ ›áÆ°™£ø∂ 3.2 IôLÚ°Ë¿Ç∞ ´ÒÙ£˘ıòËú ﬁâÓ ´Ô£åÇ∞ú˜£˘£òËú Òü¡ã ‚åÜv ÍãâÓÒ£˘ ´Ô£åË˜£ô 2.4 IôLÚ° ÒÇËú ﬁ¯âÓ˘ò ‚°¡ ÒFäHÏä¥A¯∂.

ÚÉÛÒ£˘ ‹˜Mô ‡ú˜ ﬁâÓ ‡JKˆä¨ Ó¥ÇË ™KÓ£Ë ‚∂æã ™ÍåÚäÏMô¨Ù ‚°¨Ó ‚åÜv Ó¥äπ Òºâ∂ MQ´Ú£Ëã üPÚ πúO MıÛÉËú Ë£Ü¥A°¯˘. ›¡ ™Óü∞ ›HKÇË Ô£¥Ë˜£˘ ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£, ÔeHÚ£, Tã£ä´ı, ™£Üvı£˘£, ™ÙÍ£´Ó£, vı£CÙ£â∂ ´£°¯ıüPô ÒÇËú ™Ó£¨ËJô 20 ÍÓMAÓàF˘ºÇ∞ã ‹FËÒ£˘ıòËú HIV ›ô £FÇËäÜ¥ú˜˘ò. ËÏâÓ ›áÆô Òºâ∂ ıˆÉW¥ Íü¡ ‹FËKÇËäÜÏ∂. ›˘£Ωã HK´Ï£KÚ£ ôË¨ÙÇËˆËã ÔÏàFÚ ›åæäÆ ´ÒüÆ ›¡ Ô£¥ËOô HIV/AIDS ´Ô£Ú£ô £FÇËäÜÏ 9 IôLÚ° ÒÇËOô ≤Ò£ò 1.4 IôLÚ° ÒÇË¿Ç∞ ART Òºâ∂Ëú ´Ó¨ı. ›˘£ô 208,000 (≤Ò£ò 15 ÍÓMAÓã) ´ò Ó£° Òºâ∂ ™¡A°¯˘ò. ﬁFô ›HKÇË£M° ﬁº ÌÇË£Û Ô£¥Ë˜£˘ ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£, ™£Üvı£˘£æã ‹ÏÉ∞ã. ËáÏàF° „¨˘Ú Ô£¥Ë¿Ç∞ ‡ÓM ∞¨¯ı£ËàÓ£° ‡ú˜∂ ‚°∂ ∞PäHÏàÓÇË∂.

ÚÉËÛÒ£˘ G¨Ù¨Ò¨Ú ÍÒ£OÇË Ù ﬁÓÛ ∫°∫ÚüCËú ∫°™˘¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜˘. IËä ™KÚ, ™ºã ™ÍÙMÙ£˘ M˜ãÛ ËÜ¥ Mà¨Ó ËÏâÓ ¸®Qô G-8 ‡ÑC Ò£Ô£ÜÆô U2 ‹¨ÒäH° ∫°˘E ÔÛ£˘ ´£´˘£, ∫°˘£ú ™£ä £ÏËò ´Íò £ä ™ËôÏ£ä, HKÜÆw HÛÓÒò ´Ï£Q H´˜Úò, ‹™ÒKÇË ‹Fò πw ›A´Ú£Û£ô ÔÏàÓäÜÏ∂. ›HKÇË£Mô ‡ú˜ ı˜ºã Ô£¥Ëú FºäHà ÓÛ´ıáÆÚ ËÏQô ≤Ò£ò 40$ IôLÚ° ‹¥àÓ 10 ›á¥ËOô Íòı´ÓÍ Ô£ÌÚ GFÚã, ‡ÙË ıÉA, ›HKÇË ‹HMºàF ıÉAÚ£ô ﬁÛà∂™ÍåÚä¥ã ‚°¯ ‡¡F™Ò£N ‹OÇËäÜÏ¨Ò ·ÏËÉË˜£ô ™KÓ£Ë M˜ãÛã ™ÍåÚäÜÏ∂.

ËÏ° Gı£ÛÌ ™Ó£¨Ë¨Ú ‹¨ÏäÓüË£˘ ∫°´˘£Ç¨Ë £òàÓ£ô: ›HKÇË£M° ™Ò£àÓ ™ıOÔ£Ü¥Ç ËÏ° ≤Ò£ò 300 HôLÚ° Ï£Ùò ‚Q¬ã ›á¥ ´Ó£¡ã ™ÍΩàÓ ´ıáÆÚ ËÏ¬ÇË£Ë ≤Ò£ò 1.5 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙòËú ÒÜ¥´Ò ´ÍIÇËäÜ¥ú˜∂. ´ÒΩã HÛÒ£ÓÒ£Ë M˜ãÛä¥àÓäÜÏ ËÏ° Óú¿ÆJ° M¨˜ı£Ë ´ÒüËàFÚ G¡ı˘ÉËú „üË˘´ı ıPÚ G¨ÙJô ‡ú˜ ›HKÇË ÒÇËOÏIºâ∂ ´ÒΩã ﬁÙ£ã ≤Ûá¥ã ‡K¨Ò ™¡ã.

ËÏ° ﬁÛà∂ ™ÍåÚä¥ıÓ£˘∂, ›HKÇË£MLºâ∂ ´ÒüËàFÚ ıÉAË¿ã, ‹ÛÍ£ÉË¿ã ™¡ã ﬁÙ£ËÛÒ£˘ ›Ó£Úà¨Ó Íü¡ã ∞¨¯à∂MÏä ´£ıFô¨Ù. „™˘Qô ›HKÇË Ô£¥Ëú ËÏ° ´Í¨ıÚ£Ë ›á¥´Ó£¡ã ≤Ò£ò 15 HôLÚ° Ï£Ùò ™ÍΩàF ıºA°¯˘. 1970 ∫Óô 2003 ﬁ¨ÏJô ËÏ˘£Ë ıˆÉËäÜÏ 540 Ï£ÙòËú, ™Ë¥HÆä´£ò Ë£ÙàF° ™£ø∂ ·ˆô G¨¯âÓ ´Òü∞ Ô£¥ËO° ›ÓÛæ ™ü¯ Íòı£FË£ÛÉË¿Ç∞ ‹FË˜Mô ﬁ¨ı ™Í°¯˘. ËÏ° ´Í¨ıÚ£Ë „üË˘´ı 579 HôLÚ° Ï£Ùò FºäHÑ ™ÍΩàÓäÜ¥ú˜˘.

‹Û≤ Í£Û£ ‹¨Òäπ, ™Ó£Nô GπÌòËú, ™Ó£NüÍÉË ‹FË£KËú Òü¡ã bMÛı£Ó ∞øÇË¿ã, „Ë£FàFÚÒ£˘∂ Âº "GÚ£ÚÒü¯ ™Ë£ú¨Ë" ÒÜ¥ÒôÙ, ´ÒüËà¨ÓÚ ‹ÛÍ£ÉËÉË¨˜ „¨ˆ Ô£¥Ëú ÍãâÓä¥ã ™£ø∂ ‹Ó¨˘ ÔôÙ˘ı£Ë ›ÇAÇ ™Ë£ú˜∫Æªã ‚˘ ´Ë£ºA°¯˘ò. Ò£Ù£MJô ‡ú˜ IËæã „¨ˆ MıÍ£JËú ı¨Û ﬁâÓ ´Ë£˜ ∫øı∂ã ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı£õMô GF ÕÙÓ˘ã Òü¡ã °˘£Ü¥ G¡ı˘ÉËú ›FÇËã ™ÍΩàF ıºA°¯˘.

ËÏ° FÜÏã üP πº´˘£æã ™Ëô´Ï£πã ËÏâÓ ´Ë£¨ÏJô ™ºã πËõ £Æ ÔÏàFÚ ´£LäHÛÍ£Ûã 2005 ÆÍãKô ™Ë£KÚ£Mô ÔÏâÓ ‡ÙË ıòàÓË ‹¨ÒäH° ´Ñ≤ÇËO° ´£∂ iõÑCªü¯∂. Oxfam ‡ÓM G¡ı˘ã √PÚÓ£ı∂: "ÌÇË£Û Ô£¥ËO° ÔÙ°Ëú ﬁ°¬ã ´Ò´Ù£ÉA GüA¯∂. ‹HMºàFÚ¨ÏÚ ™ÍåıÓü∞ã ıòàÓË MFË¨˜ YòFºàÓÑ™ÍåıÓü∞Ò£˘ ‹ıòË˜∂ ı£Ç∞¡FË¨˜ ‰´Û£ä£æã ‹™ÒKÇË£æã Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥à∂MÜÏ˘. Òü¡ã „¨ˆ Ô£¥Ëú ÓÉË˜∂ HÛÑÍ¨˘Ëú CÙıü¨¯Ç√Ï ´Ò¨ÍJ° e∂ ¨ıÇË H°˘EJô ´£Û£Ï ´ıáÆªú˜∂".

›HKÇË£Mô ´ÔÛÆ ‹°QÚ ∫Óh¥ ‡ÙË ™Ò£àÓ ∫ÓhÜÆô IË ∞¨¯æÓ£°, ‚Q¬ã ﬁ∂ 2004ã ›áÆô 18 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙÛ£Ë ‹FËKàÓ∂. ∫â¨ÓÚ ›áÆô 14 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙÛ£ËJºâ∂. UNCTAD (ıòàÓËã Òü¡ã ‹HMºàFÇË£˘ ‰ÇAÚ Ô£¥Ëú Ò£Ô£¥) ÓËıL°Æ ﬁâÓ ∫ÓhÜÆô £FÇ∞ã Íü¡ ‹FËÒ£˘˜Mô ‹™ÒKÇË£, HÛ£°v, HKÜÏ°, ™ÔÓòÙ£â∂ Òü¡ã ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£Mºâ∂ ıâÓÓ£∞ã. ﬁâÓ ∫ÓhÜÆΩã ™ºã ∞F ‡úŸò ÒÇË¿Ç∞ Ú° ﬁôÙ£Ó ‚á™Ìå Òü¡ã GÙÇËK≤ÛÉË E ›AÚıüPô ™ÍåÚäÜÏ∂.

1 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙºÇ∞ã ‹FËÒ£˘ ∫ÓhÜ¨Ï ™ü¯ Ô£°∞ Ô£¥Ë˜£˘ ¨ÔpKÚ£, ‹É´Ë£Ù£, ﬂÇı´Ï£KÚô AQÚ£, ≈Ï£° ›AÚ¨ı ‚á™Ìå ‡üàF ™Íå¨ı. ‹™ÒKÇË ‚á™Ìå ﬁ¯Ç∞ÒFJ° ›HKÇË£M° É∞ 2015 ı£ÇAô ﬁä´£¨ÓÚ 18 ÍÓMAÓàFLºâ∂ 25 ÍÓMAÓÒ£Ë ‡Úºã ‚°¡ ‚Fò£òÇËä¥A¯∂. Chevron (‹™ÒKÇË£) Total (HÛ£°v) ›AÚ¨ı ÓÉË˜∂ ∫ÓhÜ¨Ï ‹FËKÇ∞ã ‚°¡ ‚Fò£òÇËä¥A¯∂.

Ó£IÛã, ¨ıÛÉËú, ÓÉËã Òü¡ã H˜£ÜÆ˘àFüË£˘ ‹FË M¨ÙËú, ∫ÓhÜ¨Ï ‹FËKÇË ™ÍåÚ ·Ç∞MäÓ£Ë ‡ú˜∂. Ó£°Í£QÚ£ Òü¡ã Ë£˘£ ›AÚ¨ı ∞Pä£Ë ´Óòâ™Ó¥ÇËäÜ¥ ‹É∞ ÓÉËÑ ≤ÛÉËÉËOô ∫Óh¥ ‹FËKÇËÑ ™ÍåÚäÜ¥ú˜∂. ›˘£ô ﬁÓ° ÕÙã Âö™ı£º Ô£ÜÆü∞ã 5 ÍÓMAÓ´Ò ıºı£Ú£Ë ™¡A°¯∂. Ù ›HKÇË ‹Û≤ËOô ÓËıô ™Ó£Ïòπ, I°Í£Ûã, ´£Ç∞ıÛà∂ Òü¡ã Óáaò MG´Ú£Ëã ´£°¯ ´Í¨ıà∂¨¯Ëú ÓQÚ£òÒÚÒ£ÇËäÜ¥ ÓQÚ£ò ∫ÓhÜ¥Ç∞ Óü´£∂ F¯â∂ MÏäÜ¥ú˜˘.

´ÒüËàFÚ °˘£Ü¥ G¡ı˘ÉË¿ã ‹ÛÍ£ÉË¿ã ›HKÇË£Mô ∫ÇAÚ ∞FËOô ÓÉË˜∂ ∫ÓhÜ¨Ï ‹FËKÇ∞ã´£∂ ‚á™Ìå Òü¡ã ‹KÚ ‡´Ù£ËÉËú ´£°¯ M¨ÙÒFäπú˜ ËÑÍ£ä ™£ºÜË¨˜ ≤Ûá¥ıFLºâ∂ A¨ÏÇ∞ã ﬁÙ£à¨Ó ™Í£âÓ Ô£Ü¥Ç∞ ‚¥à∂Ñ ™Íôı¨Ó ‹ıòËú ‡¡F ™Íå∂ ™Ë£úA°¯˘ò ‚°¬ã ‡á¨Ò¨Ú ﬁ∂ ıLª¡à∂A¯∂.

ﬁâÓ ËáÏ˘àFô ÓÉË˜∂ Ó¨ÙfÜ¨Ï Y˘£æã ‹FËKà∂ú˜∂. Le Monde Diplomatique 2005 ´Ò ﬁô ™ıOÚ£˘ Âº ËÜ¥¨ÛJ°Æ ËÑÍ£ ‚á™ÌåJ° ‡ÙA° ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ ™KÚ ∏Ëò´ı£Û£˘ Y˘£, Ó˘∂ ‚á™Ìå ﬁ¯Ç∞ÒFJô 25 ÍÓMAÓà∂Ç∞ã ‹FËÒ£˘ ‹˜¨ı AQÚ£ ı¨˜∞Ï£MLºâ∂ã ≈Ï£QLºâ∂ã ™¡A¯∂.

‹∂ ´ÒΩã ''‹Ó° Ó£ËàFü∞ ‹˜´ı ﬁô¨Ù. 2020 ı£ÇAô Y˘£ Ó˘∂ ‚KÍÇF ´Ó¨ıJô 60 ÍÓMAÓ MG´Ú£ËÉË¨˜ ¨Óı£¬Ï° ﬁÛ£¸ÓâFÛ ‡¯æË¨˜ G¨ÙÔ£ÜÆªú˜ Í£Ü ´£°¯ Ô£¥ËOLºâ∂ã ∫ÚüC ™Íå∂ ™¯Ç√¥ã. 2004ã ›áÆô ›HKÇË£æÏ° Y˘ ıòàÓËã 2 ÍÓMAÓ ‹˜æÇ´Ë ﬁºâÓ£Ωã ‡ÙËàFü∞ Y˘£ Ó˘∂ ËÓæË¨˜ F¯â∂MÜ¥ú˜¨Ó ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ∞Pä£Ë ﬁÇËáÏà∂Ï° ıòàÓËã Ô°¯£Ë ‹FËKÇË ›ÛãHà∂ú˜∂. 1990ËOô Y˘-›HKÇË ıòàÓËã 700 ÍÓiÓã ‹FËKàÓ∂. 2000ã ›áÆô ™åTÉAô Y˘-›HKÇË ‹ÛÉ∞ ™Ó£ÏÉËäÜÏ H°˘ò 40 ÂäâÓÉËú ¨Ë™ÚøàÓ£Aªú˜˘. ‹Ó° H°˘ò 2004 Ë¨ÏC ı¨ÛJÙ£˘ Ô£°∞ ›á¥ËOô ıòàÓËã ﬁÛÜÆà∂ 20 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙºÇ∞ ´Òô ‡ÚòâÓ∂. 2005 Ë¨ÏC ı£ÇAô HKÜÏ¬Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‹™ÒKÇË£ Òü¡ã HÛ£°Cü∞ ‹¥àÓÆÚ£Ë Y˘£ ›HKÇË£M° Õ°¯£ı∂ IËæã ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ ıòàÓË ÉË£O ‚°¯ G¨Ù¨Ú ™¡ã'' ‚˘ ∞PäHÜ¥ú˜∂.

›HKÇË£æã GÛâÓÛä πÛÜCàÓà∂ı∫ã

Ò£òÇCv¥Ëú Ë£ÙQà∂ı Òü¡ã ‹¨Û-Ë£ÙQà∂ı Ô£¥ËOô ô´ı¡ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı Òü¡ã ∞ÜÆ ∫Ó£Ù£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚ ﬁÚÇËÉË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ÔÙ°Ë¿ÇË£˘ Âº ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ‚ä™£ø∂´Ò Ó¨Ù¨Ò Ó£ÉAªú˜˘ò.

‡ÙË Íâ¨ÓË¨˜ªã ı˜ÉË¨˜ªã HÛÓ£˘ ıôÙÛ≤Ë¿ÇA¨Ï´Ú Aòâ∂ ™Ë£áÏ ≈õG¨Ù¨ÒJ° Wõ ›HKÇË£Mô ´ÓCÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàÓ£ô ¸˘Ô£ÚË πÛÜCÇ∞ Ó¨Ù¨Ò Ó£ÉË´ı£ ‹ôÙ∂ ‹¨Ó ÃòàF ™ÍåÚ´ı£ ﬁÚÙ£Òô ´£åMÜÏ∂. ∫ÓÙ£ıÓ£Ë, ‹ÓüË£˘ Ë£ÛÌã ‹∂ ∫Óh¥, ‡üàF ™Ó£Nô∏ÜÉËú, Ã´Ë£˜ Íâ¨ÓËOô ﬂ¥¥Óô ›AÚıü¡Ç∞ „Ë£FàFÚ Ô£¥Ë¨˜ Í£òâ∂ ‹ôÙ∂ ‹ıüPü∞ WõäÆâ∂ ﬁºäÓ£∞ã.

ﬁÛáÏ£ıÓ£Ë, „Ë£FàFÚà∂Ï˘£˘ ´Ò£Óô, ıòÇËÉË¿ÇA¨ÏJÙ£˘ ™£∂ ÔÙ°ËË¨˜ ‡ºı£Ç∞ã Òü¡ã ﬁÓ° M¨˜ı£Ë „Ë£FàFÚ ‚Fòäπ ´£Û£ÜÏã ﬁÛá¥ ËÜÏÒ£Ë Ô¨Ï™¡ã ‚°¡ã ﬁFô ∫ÓÙ£ıÓ£Ë ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° Ó¨Ù¨ÒJô ¸˘Ô£ÚËä πÛÜC Ô¨Ï™¡ã ‚°¡ã √PÚ vÛ£LQv¥ËO° √ü¡ ™£å ‚°¨Ó ›HKÇË£Mô ıÛÙ£ü¡ gFÚ£˘ ‹¬ıã ‹ãÙ£Ò£ÇAMÜÏ∂.

1935ô Ü™Û£ÜvA, ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£Mô ‡ú˜ ‹ıÛ∂ ›ÓÛı£˜òË¿Ç∞ ‚ø∂¨ËJô vÛ£LQÍàF° ËºàFü∞ ‚Fòäπ ™ÓKMàFºâÓ£ò. ‹ıòËú "´ÓCÚ M¥Ó¨Ù ´ı¨ÙFÜÏà¨Ó ™ıü¡ ‹ºıÒ£Ë ‡ºÒ£üP ‹¨Ó ıòÇË ‡¯æËO° ÚÓ£òàÓàFü∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‡ÚòàFMÜÏ˘ò" ‚°¡ √PJºâÓ£ò. ›HKÇË ´ÓCÚ Ë£ÉAÛv (ANC) üP Ü™Û£ÜvA ıLª¡àFÇ √PÚÓ£ı∂: ‹ıüP° ´Ò™ÙøâÓı£KÚ£˘, ‹¨ÒFä¥à∂ã ™Ë£ú¨ËJ° Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ‹ıüP° ™Í£âÓ ´Ë£KÇ¨Ë¨ÚÇ√Ï G¨¯´ıü¯ä¥ıÓü∞ Ë£ÉAÛC˘£ô ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¡ ‡úÔ£Ü¥ ™ı∞¸˘ÉËú ∫°£Ë ´£ôSMÇ-™ÙQQv¥Ë˜£ô ‹Ó° ∫ËÕÆ¨Ú ANà™ÓPÇËäÜÏ∂. Ë£ÉAÛ≤Ç∞ ∫ÛÌ£Ë ´£ôSMÇ ™ÙQQv¥Ëú πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘ ıòÇËä ´£Û£ÜÏàF° Âº ´ı¨ÙFÜÏà¨Ó ‡ºı£ÇA˘ò." (Writings of Leon Trotsky (1935-35), New York, Pathfinder, 1974, P. 252).

vÛ£LQv¥Ëú ´£Ù, ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı bMÛ ‹¨ÒäπËú, ∞Pä£Ë ä´Ù£ı£FËú ıAàÓ ∫ÇAÚ É¨Ë Ô£ã ∞PäHÜÏ£Ë ´ıá¥ã. ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFü∞ã MıÍ£JË¿Ç∞ã ÓÉË¨˜ ∫ü´£ÇË£Ëæã ´Í£ÍLÍä£¨Ó¨Ú ∫°™˘¥äÓ£Ëæã Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£á¥ ›HKÇË£ ∫øıFΩã ´ÓCÚ ﬁÚÇËÉË¨˜ªã, ‹ÛÍ£ÉËÉË¨˜ªã ·ÜÆ ı˜òà∂ ıºA°¯˘ò. ‹ôpKÚ£ M˚ÚàFô ﬁ∂ IËæã ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ‹¬ıÒ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂.

´Í£ÍLÍ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ËÜCJ° (SWP) ‹™ÒKÇË Ü™Û£ÜvAv¥Ëú 1950ËO° Hü∞FJΩã, 1960ËO° ›ÛãàFΩã ä´Ù£ı£FË¿Ï° ‰ÇAÚà¨Ó ´Ô£ÇA ÔËòâ∂ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ´£∂ ‹ôpKÚ£Mô FLN ›ÜCÇ∞ ä´Ù£ı£FËú ›ÓÛæ IËä™KÚ HÛÑÍ¨˘Ú£AÚ∂. ä´Ù£ı£FË¨˜ H°üP ‹ôpKÚ£MΩã AŒ£MΩã ﬁºâÓ ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚ ‹ÛÍ£ÉËÉË¨˜ ∫ü´£ÇË£˘∂ Òü¡ã πÛÜCËÛÒ£˘∂ ‚°¡ SWP ıºEÇË ∫üÜÏ∂. 1962ô ‚øÓäÜÏ Ü™Û£ÜvAÍã Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏFô HKàÓ£QÚ ´Í£ÍLÍ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ËˆËã SWP ﬁ° ÍâÓòäı£Ó G¨Ù¨Ú H°ıºÒ£¡ Ó£ÇAJºâÓ∂:

‡ÙË „Ë£FàFÚà∂Ï° ‹∂ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ ‡¯æ Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ‹Ó° (FLN) ¨Ë, Ë£ô ËÜ¥áÏ G¨Ù¨ÒÇ∞ú˜£Aªú˜∂. ﬁâÓ ‡¯æ ‹¨Ó ‹ôpKÚ ™ı∞¸˘ÉËO° ÍÕËà ´Ó¨ıË¨˜ FºäF ™ÍåÚ ∫ÆÚ£Òô ‹ôÙ∂ cáÏË£Ù ‹˜Mô Ó˘∂ ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó G¨Ùä¥àFÇ ™Ë£ú˜ ∫ÆÚ£Òô Ó¥àÓ∂. FLN Ó¨ÙıòË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ëæã, Evian ÂäâÓàFü∞ (H™ÛÖ≤Ç∞ã FLNÇ∞ã ﬁ¨ÏJÙ£˘ ﬁâÓ ÂäâÓàF° ÕÙã ™ÚÛ˜æÇ∞ ≤ÓâFÛã A¨ÏàÓ∂) ‚FÛ£Ëæã ≤Ú£b˘Ò£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ™Ó£ÏÛæã Âº ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ﬁÚÇËã ´Ó¨ı. ‹Ó£ı∂ ™ı∞¸˘ÉË¨˜ ™£¡àÓı¨ÛJô ‹¨ÒF ÒÜ¥I°P ‡Ìæã GÙ∫ã ´Ó¨ı." (Trotskyism versus Revisionism, London, New Park Publications, Vol. 3, P. 248)

ä´Ù£ı£FËO° ÍâÓòäı£Ó G¨Ù¨Ú Âº ÍÒÚã ‚FòàÓ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò πÛÜCËÛÇ ËÜC (WRP) Ó¨ÙıòË˜£˘ qL áÏ£ Òü¡ã ≤´Ù£ÜÏò ›A´Ú£ò 1979ô ∫°¨ıàÓ ∫°´˘£ÇAô ‹¨Û-Ë£ÙQà∂ı Ô£¥ËOô ‚âÓ MÓÒ£˘ ıòÇË ´ı¡£¥Ë¨˜ ı¨Ûı¨Óªã ‹´˘ËÒ£Ë ¨ËMÜÏ∂. ô´ı¡ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚı£FËO° „Ë£FàFÚ-‚Fòäπ ÔüÍ£°PÓ¨ˆ ÒFäd¥ ™ÍåıÓüË£Ë ‡¨ÛÇËôÙ£Ë ''›ªÓä´£Û£ÜÏã'' ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËäÜÏ¨Ó ä´Ù£ı£FËú ´£Ù´ı ™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCÇ ËÜCªã ‡ºı£ÇAªú˜∂.

Ô£°Ë£ã ‹AÙàF° ÍÖC¨ËJô "™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCËÛÇ ËÜC ‚öMÓã Ü™Û£ÜvAÍà¨Ó Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥àÓ∂" ‚°¯ ›ıÌÉËOô πÛÜCËÛ Íòı´ÓCÚã ¨ËMÏäÜÏÓ° Ó£ÇËà¨Ó, Tã£ä´ıJ° πÛÜC¨Ú, ™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCÇ ËÜCJ˘£ô Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ ‹àFÚ£ÚÉËOô ¨ËÚ£˜ä¥A¯∂.

™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCÇ ËÜC ´ÓÍÇÓ ∫°˘E Ó¨ÙıòË˜£˘ ´Û£äòÜ ∫Ë£´ Òü¡ã ´¸£˚ßı£ ‚°´Ë£Ò£ ›AÚıòË¨˜ πËõâ∂ ‹ıòË¨˜ Tã£ä´ıJ° ÍÕË ∫°´˘ü¯à∂ÇË£˘ iÛòËú ‚°¡ ∫°Q¡àFÚ∂.

Tã£ä´ı ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ´ÓCÚ M¥Ó¨Ù¨Ú ™¡ıÓüË£˘ ﬁÚÙ£¨Ò¨Úªã ‹Ó° ıòÇË ÔÙ°ËO° ıÛãHü∞ÜÜ¥àÓ£° ›ªÓä´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ™ÍÚô¥àÓäÏ∫Æªã ‚°¨Óªã ™ÓKMäÓü∞ Ò£¯£Ë (™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCÇ ËÜCJ° ∫°´˘£Ç∞Ëú) ‹âÓ ›ıÌã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° MF¨Ú ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ™Ë£ú¨Ë´Ú£¥ ﬁ¨ÌäÓ£ËJºâÓ∂. ("™Ó£NÙ£˜ò πÛÜCËÛÇ ËÜC Ü™Û£ÜvAÍà¨Ó ‚äÆ Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥àÓ∂ 1973-1985" Ô£°Ë£ã ‹AÙã, ™Ó£∞F 13. ﬁÙ1, ´Ë£¨ÏÇË£Ùã 1986. ÇËã.48)

∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓÍÇÓ ∫°˘EJ° Ó¨Ù¨ÒJô "™Ó£NÙ£˜ò Òü¡ã MıÍ£JËú ‹ÛÍ£ÉËà¨Ó" G¡ı ∫Æªã ‚°¯ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ πÛÜCËÛÇ ËÜCJ° √ü¯£˘∂" ä´Ù£ı£FËú ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó „Ò£ü¡A°¯ Âº ∫ÚüCÚ£Ë ‹¨ÒâÓ∂Ï° ‹∂ Tã£ä´ıJ° ™ı∞¸˘ÉË¨˜ ∞ˆäàFü∞ú˜£ÇË ∂¨Ì πKıÓü∞ã, ´ÓÍÇÓ ∫°˘E Ó¨ÙıòËO° ∂´Û£ËàFü∞ ∫° ‹ıòË¨˜ ÓÚ£Ûü¯ G¨ÙJô MÜ¥Ñ™Í°¡MÜÏ˘ò." (P. 48)

ﬁâÓ ËEäπ ∂ÚÛIÇË ı¨ËJô ÍKÚ£Ë´ı ‹¨Òâ∂MÜÏ∂.

›HKÇË£Mô ËÏâÓ ﬁÛá¥ ÓÍ£äÓÉË˜£Ë „Ë£FàFÚàF° ´ÛNı£˘ Ó£ÇËàÓ£ô, ∫üPΩã „õ¨Ò, ™£∂ ≤Ë£Ó£Ûà∂¨¯ Òü¡ã ËôM AÜÏàÓÜÏ ﬁôÙ£¨Ò ‹ÇËáÏàF° ™ºã ı˜ÉË¨˜ ´ÒüËàFÚ ™ºG¡ı˘ÉË˜£ô ™Ë£ú¨˜ÚÆà∂ ›AÚ¨ı ›HKÇË£Mô Ó¨Ù™Ú¥àÓ ô´ı¡ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚ ›ÜCËO° MºäπIÇË ›ÓÛæ Òü¡ã Âà∂¨ˆäHôÙ£Òô ÔÏâFºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂.

1980ËO° ™Ó£ÏÇËàFô Ë£˘£M° ™¸òK Û£LÉv ´£°¯ ›HKÇËà Ó¨ÙıòËú ÓÉË˜∂ ´Í£ÍLÍ ı£åiÑ≤Ë¨˜ ¨ËMÜ¥ Íòı´Ó Ô£ÌÚ GFÚàF° ËÜÏ¨Òäπ YòFºàÓ FÜÏÉË¨˜ „ü¯£ò. 1985ô Ó£°Í£QÚ£ ¸˘£FF ¸®LÚv ¨Ô´Û´Û ÓÒ∂ "›HKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ" Ò£FK ´Ó£ü¡MÜÏ∂ ‚°¡ ÂäπÇ™Ë£á¥ ÓÒ∂ ÓM¨Ú ﬁÛ£T˘£Ò£ ™ÍåÓ£ò. Ò¡ ›áÆô, Ó£°Í£QÚ£ Íòı´Ó Ô£ÌÚ GFÚàF° FÜÏà¨Ó „ü¯∂.

1990 ı£ÇAô 40 ›HKÇË Ô£¥Ëú Íòı´Ó Ô£ÌÚ GFÚàF° Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ Ò¡YÛ¨ÒäπÇ ™Ë£ú¨ËË¨˜ „ü¯˘. ™ÍÙı£E Ì ÒFä¨Ç ∞¨¯ä∂ ‡ÜÏ --ÍÛ£ÍKÚ£Ë 50 ÍÓMAÓ ‹˜æÇ∞ ∞¨¯ÇËäÜÏ∂-- ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàFü∞ ™Í£âÓÒ£˘ ™Ó£Nü∂¨¯Ë¨˜ Mü∂, ™£∂ ™ÍÙi˘ÉË¨˜Ç ∞¨¯ä∂ ›AÚ˘ ‹ÏÉ∞ã. ≤Ë£Ó£Û ´Í¨ıËú Òü¡ã ËôM ∫¨¯Ëú ÓQÚ£òÒÚÒ£ÇËäÜÏ˘. ´ÒüËàFÚ ∫ÓhÜÆüË£Ëæã ıòàÓË ´ÛÉË¿ÇË£Ëæã Âö™ı£º ‹ÛÍ£ÉËæã ´£ÜÆJô ﬂ¥ÜÏ˘.

›HKÇË£ ∫øıFΩã "ı£SÉÏ° ™£∂ ‡Ï°£¥" ‚˘ ™£∂ı£Ë ‹PÚäÜÏ ≤ÓâFÛ-Íâ¨Ó ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã ‹∫ô¥àÓäÜ¥ ‹Ó° M¨˜ı£Ë IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ›HKÇË MıÍ£JËú Òü¡ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËO° ı£õÇ¨Ë Ë¥¨ÒÚ£ÇËäÜÏ∂.

Ò¡π¯àFô, ‡úÔ£Ü¥ ‡ÚÛ¥ÇA˘ò ™ºã ™Íôıà¨Ó FÛÜÏ ∫ÆâÓ∂. ‚¥à∂ÇË£ÜÏ£Ë ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£Mô ¸˘£FF Ò™ÇA Ó¨Ù¨ÒJÙ£˘ ANC ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã ≤ÓâFÛ-Íâ¨ÓÇ ™Ë£ú¨Ë¨Ú ∫ø ‹˜Mô ™ÍÚô¥àÓ ∫¨˘âÓ∂. "ı£™°C" (™ÒòCÏv ™°v Ë£òË¨˜ ÊÜÆÑ ™ÍôıòËú) ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËä¥ã ∫°˘£ú ANC Ó¨ÙıòË¨˜ ™Ë£áÏ C¡ ∞øM˘ò "Ë¡äò ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‡K¨Ò" ‚°¯ FÜÏàF° Wõ ™KÚ ≤ÛÉË G¡ı˘ÉËOô É∞Ë¨˜ ı£ÉA ™ºã ÌÇË£ÛòË˜£Aªú˜˘ò. ‹âÓ ´ÛàF° ÒFäπ HôLÚ°ËÌÇË£˘ Ï£ÙÛ£∞ã.

™Ó°˘£HKÇË£M° ´¸£Ë°˘v´òÇ ÔËK° ‡Ü∞FJô ‹¨ÒâÓ Rand Club ﬁô Âº Àü¯£á¥Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£M° ≤ÛÉË ‹FòË¿ã IôLQÚòË¿ã ´Ë£ØvıÛòË¿ã √ÜÏã ÔÏàF ıâ∂ú˜¨Ó Time „¥ ËÏâÓ ›áÆô "πFÚ Û£áÜ HÛπÇËú" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ™ıOJÜÏ Âº ËÜ¥¨ÛJô ∞PäHÜ¥, ﬁä´£∂ ﬁFô CÙ πFÚ ‡¡äH˘òËú ﬁÏã ™ü¡ú˜˘ò ‚°¡ H°ıºÒ£¡ ‚øFÚ∂:

"Ë¡äH˘ ‡ÚÛ¥ÇA˘ò ‹ÛCÚLLºâ∂ã ›¿ã ´ÓCÚ Ë£ÉAÛCLºâ∂ã (ANC) ´Ò´Ù ™ÍôÙ ›ÛãHà∂ú˜˘ò. 52 ıÚÓ£˘ ‹ıò ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£M° ™ºã ÌÇË£ÛòËOô ÂºıÛ£˘ CKô Û£Ò´£Í£ ‡ÜÏ Û£áÜ A˜ä ‡¡äH˘ò ›ı£ò. Âº ÍÒÚã ‹ıò ™ÔôÍ° Òá´ÏÙ£M° ı£KÍ£Ëä H°™Ó£Ïºã Í£àFÚ∫ú˜ıò ‚°¡ ´ÍäÜÏ∂.

Û£Ò´£Í£ Âº Ë£ÙàFô ™Ó°˘£HKÇË ≤ÛÉËà ™Ó£NüÍÉËàF° Ó¨ÙıÛ£Ë ﬁºâÓ£ò ‚°∂ ÙºÇ∞ã ™ÓKâFºÇ∞ã.

´Í£MÚà Â°PÚàF° ﬁºäπã, 1960ËOΩã 1970ËOΩã Qä´£ò ı˜òÑCªü¯ ´£∂ã „Ë£FàFÚàF° ≈¨¯Ú£ÏôË¿Ç∞ CÙ ıÛãπËú ﬁºâÓ˘. ›HKÇË£¨ı ™£¡àÓı¨ÛJô ∞PäHÜÏ ÒÜÏàFü∞, ´ÓCÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã ÊÛ˜æÇ∞ ´Í£MÚà ŒQÚ° e∂ (Íü¡ Y˘£ e∂ã) Í£òâFºâ∂ Ùı¨ËÚ£˘ ﬁÛ£µı Ó˜ı£ÏÉË¨˜ ™ü¯˘ò. ﬁÓ° M¨˜ı£Ë ﬁâÓ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚı£FËOô Ùò ÓÉË¨˜ Ò£òÇCv¥Ëú ‚°¡ √PÇ™Ë£áÏ˘ò. ﬁ¨Ó „Ë£FàFÚàFLºâ∂ Âº ÍãHÛÓ£Ú ´£L M¥Ó¨Ù ‚°¡Ó£° ™Í£ôÙ´ıá¥ã.

1990ËO° ›ÛãàFô ´Í£MÚà Â°PÚã iõÑCÚ¨ÏâÓÓü∞ ∫°˘´Û ËáÏã ∫øıFΩã ≤ÓâFÛ-Íâ¨ÓÇ ™Ë£ú¨ËËú ›FÇËã ™ÍΩàF˘.

ıÛÙ£ü¡ ›CKÚÛ£˘ MôLÚã ›ò. WÙò ÓÒ∂ "ﬁºÓ£ã Àü¯£á¥ ‡Ù∞-Âº Íòı´ÓÍ ıÛÙ£¡" ‚°¡ã ÀLô √PÚÓ£ı∂: ›HKÇË£Mô ‚ø∂ËO° ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂ £FJô ´Í£MÚà-‹™ÒKÇË£ ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‚Fò£Û£Ó ı¨ËJô ´Ó£°PÚ ´£ÜÆÚ£˘∂ CP∂ Ë£Ù´Ò cÆàÓ∂. „™˘Qô ﬁÛ£µı ‡ÓM ‹Oà∂ ıâÓ Ò£v´Ë£M˘£ô ™£º˜£Ó£Û ›ÓÛ¨ı ‹FË˜Mô (ıòàÓËã, ËÏ°Ëú, ∫Óh¥ ›AÚıü¨¯) ıˆÉË ﬁÚÙMô¨Ù. ∞Pä£Ë, AˆÇ∞ ‹E Ô£¥ËO° Ô£ÌÚÉËú Ò£ü¯àÓÇË¨ıÚôÙ ‚°¯ G¨Ù Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ıˆÇËÒ£˘ ﬁºÓÛäπ áÏÒ£ü¡ FÜÏÉË¿Ç∞ ´Òô Ë£ãË£° Ô£¥Ë¿Ï° [ÛvÛ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‡ÓMÇË£˘ Í¨ (1949-91) ﬁ∂ AˆÇ∞ ‰´Û£äHÚ Ô£¥Ëú, H°˘ò ÒÉ´Ë£LÚ£, AŒ£, MÚÜ˘£ã ›AÚ Ô£¥Ë¨˜ ´Í£MÚà Â°PÚà∂Ï° ™£º˜£Ó£Û gFJô H¨Ìà∂ ¨ıàFºâÓ∂) ›HKÇË ıòàÓËà¨Ó MKæ¥à∂ı∂ Ó¥ÇËäÜÏ∂. (p 423).

∫°˘ò AˆÇ∞ ‹EJ° ›ÓÛ¨ı ıÛ´ıü¯ ‚Aä∂, ≈Ï£°, ´Í£Ò£LÚ£, AQ ›AÚ¨ı ‡ÜÜÏ Ù ›HKÇË ‹Û≤Ëú 1980ËOô ÓÉË˜∂ ∫°˘£ú Ô°™Ë£¨ÏÚ£˜òË¿Ï° M¨ÛMô ∫Pà∂Ç™Ë£á¥, ´Í£MÚà "›´Ù£ÍËòË¨˜" ™£ÜÏÙ£Ò£Ë ‹¬äH ¨ıàÓ˘. Ò£¯£Ë ‹¨ı GF ´ÓÆ ÙáÏ°, £Kv, ´Ï£ÇA´Ú£, GŒ´Ú£òÇ ÇËã FºãH˘.

WÙò √¡ıÓ£ı∂: Íòı´ÓÍ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‹¨Òäπ∫¨¯Jô ´ÒüËàFÚ √ÜÏEËú ›FÇË G¨Ù¨Ú ™ü¡ú˜Ó£ô ›HKÇË Ô£¥Ë˜£ô M¥Ï ∫ÆÚ£∂ú˜∂Ï°, M¥Ïæã Ò£ÜÏ£. ﬁÓ˘£ô 1980ËO° ™£ø∂ ËáÏàFô ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ´ÒüËàFÚ √ÜÏEËú ÓÉË˜∂ ´ÒÙ£FÇË ™Íôı£Ç¨Ë ™ÍΩàF˘ (‹´Ó ´Òü´Ë£ú).

ËÏâÓ Ë£ÙËÜÏàFô ﬁ˘, ˆÉ∞ÆJ˘, ÒÓ ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‹FË ‹˜Mô ´Ò£ÓôË¿ã ´£òË¿ã GËõâÓÓü∞ Í£ÜCÚã ‡ú˜˘. Õ´Ù££Ú ™Í£à∂Ë¨˜ ËÜ¥ä£ÜÆô ™Ë£á¥ıºıÓüË£˘ Âº ËÍä£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ÒàFJô ‰ıK ´Ë£vÜ ´£°¯ 1960ËOô ‡ºı£AÚ ‹Û≤Ëú Ù H˜Mü∞ ‡ÜÜ¥ ÂÜ¥ ™Ò£àÓ HÛ£âFÚÉËú ∞ü¯ãIÇË ∞ãôËú ‹ôÙ∂ ´£ò HÛπÇËO° ´ÒÙ£FÇËàFü∞ ıâÓ˘.

M¨ÙÒFäπÇ™Ë£áÏ áÏÉË¨˜ ËÜ¥ä£ÜÆô ™Ë£á¥ıºıÓüË£Ë ‹á¨Ò Ô£¥Ë¿ÇA¨ÏJÙ£˘ Í´Ë£ÓÛ ´£Û£ÜÏàF° (Ë£É´Ë£Mô ´£ô) ﬁÛàÓÇË˜K ´Ò£ÓôËOô àÓ£JÛÇËÌÇË£´˘£ò ™Ë£ôÙäÜÏ˘ò. ﬁÓ° M¨˜ı£Ë "ı˜ÉË¿ÇË£˘ ´£òËú" Òü¡ã "´Ò£Óô ¨ıÛÉËú" ‚°¯ ™Í£üËú πFÓ£Ë ‡ºı£A˘.

1994ô ›HKÇË£Mô ¨ÒÚä∞FJô ‡ú˜ ºı£áÏ£ ‚°¬ã CPÚ Ô£ÜÆô Âº ˆÉ∞Æ ∞ø¨ıÑ´ÍòâÓ ›ÜCÚ£˜òËú Òü™¯£º ˆÉ∞Æ ÒÇËO° ÂÜ¥™Ò£àÓà¨Ó ‹NÇË ∫üÜÏ¨Ó Ëá¥ ‡ÙË´Ò ‹FòÑC ‹¨ÏâÓ∂. ˝ß¥ ‹FË£Û ›ÜC ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËä¥ıòËú Õ°¡ Ò£ÓË£ÙàFô ≤Ò£ò 800,000 ¥ÜC ﬁ˘ ÒÇË¨˜ FÜÏIÜ¥Ç ™Ë£°¯˘ò.

ˆÉ∞ÆJ˘K° eÓ£˘ ﬁâÓ MÓÒ£˘ ´£ÇË£˘∂ ‹Æä¨ÏJô „Ë£FàFÚı£FË˜£ô ‡áÏ£ÇËäÜÏÓ£∞ã. ‹ıòËú ‚ä´£∂ã ÓÉËú Ë£ÙQË¨˜ ›úıFô HKàÓ£¿ã ™Ë£ú¨Ë¨Ú H°üP ıâ∂ú˜˘ò --ﬁÉ∞ ™ôTÚã C¡£°¨ÒJÛ£˘ ¥ÜCÇËú ÕÙã ›ÜC ÔÏàF ıâÓ∂ --M¥Ó¨Ù ™ü¯ H¯∞ã ´ÒüËàFÚ ‹Û≤Ëú ÓÉËú ™Íôı£Ç¨Ë HÛ´Ú£AÇË ‹´Ó HKàÓ£¿ã ™Ë£ú¨Ë¨Ú ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ H°ü¯Ù£J˘.

ºı£áÏ£Mô ‰ÇAÚ Ô£¥Ëú Í¨ ÍÒ£Ó£˘ä¥àÓ ∫ÆÚ£Òô ´£˘ÓüË£˘ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ Ë£ÛÌã ‹É∞ Íá¨ÏJô ﬂ¥ÜÏ ´Ë£wÆËú Âö™ı£°¡ã AÛÉËÒ£Ë ‹ôÙ∂ Ò¨¯∫ËÒ£Ë ™ıö´ı¡ „Ë£FàFÚ ‹Û≤ËO° ›ÓÛ¨ı ™üPºâÓ´ÓÚ£∞ã. HÛ£°v ºı£áÏ£ ‹Û¨Í ›ÓKàÓ∂. ‹™ÒKÇË£´ı£ ‡Ë£áÏ£ ÕÙÒ£Ë Ò¨¯∫ËÒ£Ë RPF ‚°¬ã A˜òÑCä¨ÏË¨˜ ›ÓKàÓ∂. ™KÚ˜MÙ£˘ ¥ÜC ﬁÚÇËÒ£˘ ‹∂ Ô£ÜÆô ™ºã ∞F¨Ú ¨ËäüPÚÓ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂.

ô´ı¡ ™KÚ ıôÙÛ≤ËO˘£ô ›HKÇË£Mô ﬁÛ£µı ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËJô ﬂ¥¥ı∂ IËæã ‹á¨ÒÇË£ÙàFô ‹FËKà∂ ıºA¯∂.

´ÓCÚ πÙ˘£åæ Í¨Ú§Ù¢ (NIC) ÓÚ£KàÓ "™ıO ‡¯æË¿ã, ›HKÇË£æã" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ™ıOJÜÏ Âº ‹PÇ¨ËJLºâ∂ Ô£° ≤ºÇËÒ£Ë ´Òü´Ë£úË¨˜ÇË£ÜÏ MºãπA´¯°. ‹ÑÍ¨ Ó°¨˘ "‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàFü∞ú Õ´Ù££Ú CâÓ¨˘ÇË£˘ πÙ˘£åæ ‹ÉËàÓıòË¿ÇË£˘ ¨ÒÚã'' ‚°¡ ıòEÇA¯∂ Òü¡ã ™ıOª¯æÇ™Ë£ú¨Ë MÏÚÉËOô ¸˘£FFÇ∞ã, Òü¡ã ÕàÓ ™Ë£ú¨Ë ı∞ä£˜òË¿Ç∞ã ›åæË¨˜ ıˆÉA ıºA¯∂.‹∂ H°ıºÒ£¡ ∞PäH¥A°¯∂:

"Qä´£ò Ë£ÙàF°´£∂ ÓÒ∂ ›ÓÛı£˘ (Proxy) ›ÜCËú ‹ôÙ∂ ﬁÚÇËÉË¿ÇË£˘ ´ÔÛÆ ›ÓÛMLºâ∂ ﬁÛ£µı Ó¨ÙÚ¶¥Ç∞ Ò£¡ı∂ F¯¨˘ ı˜òä∂Ï° ﬁ¨Ìâ∂ú˜∂. ∞Pä£Ë, 9/11Ç∞ H°˘ò ‹™ÒKÇË ﬁÛ£µıà Ó¨Ùf¥ TπÜÆ ´£°¯ ∞FËOô Ó˜ÉË¨˜ ‹¨ÒäFô ﬂ¥Ü¥ıºA°¯∂."

"›HKÇË£Mô ™ıO Ó¨Ùf¥ËOô ‚FòË£Ù ´£Ç∞Ëú" ‚°¯ Âº HKæ M˜Ç∞A¯∂. ﬁÉ´Ë, "ÚÉËÛı£ÓàF° eÓ£˘ ´£ò" ‚°¯ ı£åiÑCô ™ÓKMÇËäÜ¥ú˜∂ ‚°˘™ıQô, "™ıOÔ£Ü¥ ıôÙÛ≤ËO° ﬁÛ£µı ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËËú'' ‹FËKàFºäÓüË£˘ CÙ Ë£ÛEË¨˜ ›CKÚòËú ∞PäHÜ¥ú˜˘ò. HÛÓ£˘ Ë£ÛÌÉËOô Â°¯£Ë ‹ıòËú ≤ÜÆÇË£ÜÆJºä∂, "∞Pä£Ë ‚á™Ìå ∂¨¯Jô ‹FËKà∂ ıºã ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã. ›˘£ô ‹∂ ÒÜ¥´Ò ›HKÇË£Mô ‹™ÒKÇË ™Ë£ú¨Ë ËEäπÇË¿Ç∞ Ë£ÛÌÒôÙ. ∫ÇAÚÒ£Ë ›HKÇË£Mô ‚á™Ìå ‡üàF ™Íåªã Ô£¥ËOô IË ‹FËÒ£˘¨ı, ∞Pä£Ë ‹É´Ë£Ù£ Ë´£° ŒÇË´Ï£KÚô AQÚ£, ´Ë£É´Ë£- H´ÛÍMôL Òü¡ã Ë£ãœ° ›AÚ¨ı OPEC ‡¡äH˘òËú ‹ôÙ."

›HKÇË£Mô Ó˘∂ ﬁÛ£µı ıL¨Ò¨Ú ‡¡Fä¥àÓ MºãπA°¯ Â´Û „Ë£FàFÚ ıôÙÛ≤ ‹™ÒKÇË£ ÒÜ¥ÒôÙ.

2000ô HKÜÏ° ‹á¨Ï Ô£Ï£˘ ¨ÙdKÚ£Mô Í£òÙv ™ÏåÙò ÔÏà∂ã πÛÜCËÛ ‰ÇAÚ ∫°˘E¨Ú (RUF) ÍÒ£OäÓüË£Ë CÚÛ£ L´Ú£¬Ç∞ 1000 ∂ºäπÇË¨˜ ‹¬äHÚ∂. RUF ¨ıÛà¨Ó ´Ó£áÆ ‚¥ä¨Ó Ó˘∂ ËÜ¥ä£ÜÆô ¨ıàFºâÓ∂Ï°, ÒÇË¨˜ ≈¨¯Ú£Æªã ‹Ñ≤¡àFªã ıâÓ∂. ﬁâÓ ∂ºäπÇËOô IËä™ºã£Ù£˘¨ı, MÙÇAÇ™Ë£ú˜äÜ¥MÜÏ˘ ›˘£ô HKÜÏ° ﬁ°˘∫ã Ë£KÚÉË¨˜ ﬁÚÇA ıºA¯∂, ‹ôÙ∂ ﬁÏÇËÛÏÇËÙ£Ë √¯ä¥ı¨Ó ´£ô "›´Ù£Í¨˘Ë¨˜'' ıˆÉA ıºA¯∂.

‹´Ó´£°¡ ‹á¨Ï Ô£Ï£˘ ‰ıK ´Ë£vÜÆô HÛ£°v ‹É∞ ™ºã£Ü¨Ò APvÓı ™Ó°∞FÇ∞ã ∫vhãËú ı£øã ıÏ∞FÇ∞ã ﬁ¨ÏJô Ô¨Ï™ü¯ Âº ‡úÔ£Ü¥ä´£¨Û ÍÒ£OäÓüË£Ë HÛ£°v 5,000 ∂ºäπÇË¨˜ ‹¬äHÚ∂. Ô£ã ﬁâÓ ı£Ûã ÍâFÇA°¯ ™£ø∂, ‰ıK ´Ë£vÜ eá¥ã Âº ∫¨¯ Ô£Í∫áÏ£Ç∞ã ı°∫¨¯ ™ıÆä¨ ÍâFàÓ∂.

›HKÇË£M° ﬁÛ£µı MıË£ÛÉËOô Y˘£æã ‹FË ‹˜Mô ﬂ¥Ü¥ ıºA¯∂. ‚àF´Ú£äHÚ£Mü∞ã, ‚KàFKÚ£Mü∞ã ﬁ¨ÏJô 1998 ∫Óô 2000 ı¨Û Ô¨Ï™ü¯ ‚ô¨Ù ´Ò£ÓL° ™£ø∂ 1 HôLÚ° Ï£Ùò ÒFäπú˜ ›ªÓÉË¨˜ Mü¯∂. ‹∂ ≈Ï£¬Ç∞ ›ªÓÉË¨˜ªã, Ò£L Òü¡ã ‹É´Ë£Ù£Mü∞ ™˝LË£äÏòË¨˜ªã Òü¡ã ÔdHÚ£Mü∞, CÚÛ£ L´Ú£¬Ç∞ Òü¡ã ™Ò£Í£ãHÇÇAü∞ ﬁÛ£µıàÓ˜ı£ÏÉË¨˜ªã Mü¯∂.

Âäπ´Ô£Ç∞ã´£∂ Âº CPÚ ‹˜Mô ﬁºâÓ£Ωã, ô´ı¡ ‰ÇAÚ Ô£¥Ëú Í¨J° ¨ÏËŸÏ£Ë Y˘£ ﬁâÓÇ ËáÏã ∫øıFΩã, HÛÓ£˘Ò£Ë ™Ë£É´Ë£ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ∞ÆÚÛCΩã ¨ÙdKÚ£MΩã Y˘£ 1,500 ﬁü∞ ´ÒüÜÏ ∂ºäπÇË¨˜ ¨ıàFºÇA°¯∂.

ËEÍÒ£˘ Y˘àÓ¨Ùf¥ ‡ú˜ Òü™¯£º Ô£¥ Tã£ä´ı. ‹∂ ≤ÓâFÛÑ Íâ¨Ó ›FÇËàFü∞ ÊÛ˜æ ∞¨¯âÓ ‹˜Mü´Ë ﬁÏã ™Ë£¥à∂ ıºıÓ£Ë GœHÇËÜ¥ ıºA°¯ Â´Û ›HKÇË ‹ÛÍ£∞ã. ›˘£ô ¸˘£FF ™Û£´òÜ ∫Ë£´ ›ÜCJ° ™ÍÚô£¥Ë¿ã ´ÓCÚı£ÓàF° ∫ø¨ÒÚ£˘ Fı£ôÓ°¨Ò¨Ú ‚¥à∂ÇË£Ü¥ıÓ£Ë ‡ú˜∂. 1979ô ›ÜCä™£¡ä¨ „ü¡Ç™Ë£áÏ∂ ∫Óô ´Òü∞ Ô£¥Ë´˜£¥ Âà∂¨ˆà∂ã, Íòı´ÓÍ Ô£ÌÚ GFÚàF° ËÜÏ¨˜Ë¨˜ H°üPÚ¨Ó ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ Tã£ä´ı ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã 1990ËO° Ë¨ÏCJô ›ˆÒ£AÇ ™Ë£á¥ ıâÓ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ™ÔºÇËÆ¨Ú ‚Fò™Ë£áÏ∂. ´Òü∞ Ô£¥Ëú ›ÓÛ´ı£¥ ™ÍÚôÜ¥ıâÓ, ‚FòÇËÜCËO° ≈õÑCË¨˜ ∫PÚÆäÓüË£Ë ∫Ë£´ GÙà¨Ó P∫Óô ™ÍåıÓü∞ ÔÏıÆÇ¨Ë ‚¥àÓ£ò, Òü¡ã CÙ ™ıú¨˜ÇË£Û MıÍ£JË¨˜ MÛÜÆÚÆàÓ£ò. ﬁâÓä á¨ÌËOô Ô¨Ï™ü¯ Tã£ä´ıJ° HÛÓ£˘ „ü¡ÒFÚ£˘ π¨ËJ¨Ù ‡üàF ﬁÓü∞ä H°˘ò ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë C¨Óâ∂MÜÏ∂.

‡úÔ£Ü¥ MıÍ£Úà¨Ó ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£ËÇ ™Ë£áÏ ™£º˜£Ó£ÛàF° Âº ´ÓCÚ Ò¡ÒÙòÑCÇ∞ ∫Ë£´ ı£Ç∞¡FÚOàÓ£ò. ›˘£ô ´Òü∞ Ô£Ü¥ ıÉAË¿ã ∫ÓhÜÏ£˜òË¿ã ›ÓÛ¨ı ı£v ™ü¡Ç™Ë£áÏ∂Ï°, ‹É∞ ÌiÇËã ‚ô¨ÙeP ™Í°¯Ó£ô ‡ÛÉËú, M¨ÓËú Òü¡ã πFÚ MıÍ£JË¿Ç∞ GπÌà∂ı ›´Ù£Í¨˘ ıˆÉ∞ıÓü∞ Ìã ﬁô¨Ù. ﬁÓ° M¨˜ı£Ë ÒÇËOô £FÇ∞ ´ÒüÜÏıòËú ﬁä´£∂ ÜÆQ¨Ú ‚Fò´Ô£ÇAªú˜˘ò Òü¡ã ™£º˜£Ó£Ûã C¨Óªã MOãHü∞ ıâ∂MÜÏ∂.

™ıOª¯æËú ™Ó£Ïò£Ë ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ™ÍÚôÜ¥ ıºã Í¨J° ı¨Ùà Ó˜Ò£˘ Foreign Affairs, Âº ËÜ¥¨Û¨Ú ™ıOJÜÆºÇA¯∂. ‹¨ı Tã£ä´ıªÏ° Y˘£ ™ÔºÇËÒ£Ë ‡¯æ ™Ë£áÆºä¨Ó ´Ë£ÆÜ¥ÇË£Ü¥A¯∂:

"∫Ë£´ ›ÜCJ° HÛÓ£˘ ›ÓÛı£˜ò Y˘£. ∫Ë£´ IËÇ™Ë£«ÛÒ£Ë ‚FòÇËÜCË¨˜ Ô≤ÇA ıºıÓ£Ωã Òü¡ã ı£õMü∞ ‚âÓMÓ ÒKÚ£¨Óªã ıˆÉË£ÒΩã, ≤Ë£Ó£Ûã ‹ôÙ∂ FºäFËÛÒ£˘ Ò£ül¥ „ü£¥Ëú ‚∂æIôÙ£Òô IË ‹á¨ÒÇË£ÙàFô À¯£JÛÇËÌÇË£˘ ÔËÛ ∞ÆJºä£˜òË¨˜ AÛ£Òäπ¯ÉË¿Ç∞ ‹äπ¯ä¥àF ıºı¨Ó Íòı´ÓÍ Í∫Ó£Úã ËáÆà∂ ıºA¯∂. Y˘£, ËQÒä™£ºÜËú, Í£¨ÙËú, MıÍ£Úã ›AÚıüPô ∫Óh¥ ™Íå∂ ıºA¯∂ Òü¡ã ∫Ë£´Ç∞ ™¸Ü MÒ£˘ÉË¨˜ªã, ﬁÓÛ ›ªÓÉË¨˜ªã ıˆÉA ıºA¯∂. CÙ ‹ıÓ£QËú √¡ı¨Óä ´£°¡ 'Tã£ä´ıJô ‚ôÙ£´Ò Y˘£Mü∞ ™Í£âÓã.' ı˜òâ∂ ™Ë£á¥ ıºA°¯ M´Û£Ó ‡ÙAô Âº ‹ÃòıÒ£˘ ´ÔÍÇËÛã A¨ÏàFºäÓü∞ ¨ËÒ£¯£Ë, ∫Ë£´ ‹ıòËú FºäHÇ™Ë£¥ä¨ÓäüP Ëı¨ÙäÏ£Òô Y˘ G¡ı˘ÉË¿Ç∞ ‹ıòËú MºãπA°¯ ‚¨Óªã Óâ∂ ıºA¯£ò."(http://www.cfr.org/publication/8436/chinas_rising_role_in_africa.html - _edn7).

ÛâÓ -›HKÇË£M° ∫Ü¥ÑÍâF

ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‡ÙËä´£ºÇ∞ HâFÚ Ë£ÙËÜÏàFô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ‹¨Òäπ ËÜÆ™ÚøääÜÏ∂Ï° Òü¡ã £KÚ˜Mü∞ ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓ ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú Ô¨Ïä™ü¯˘. ﬁ∂ ´£ºÇ∞ Hâ¨ÓÚ ıºÏÉËOô ‡Ï˘ÆÚ£Ë Âº Íòı´ÓÍ πÛÜCËÛ ‹¨Ù ﬁâFÚ£, Y˘£ Òü¡ã ‰´Û£ä£ ∫øıFΩã A˜òâ™ÓøâÓÓ° Êò ‹ÉËÒ£∞ã. ‹âÓÇË£ÙÇËÜÏàFô ›HKÇË£Mô ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ™KÚ˜Mô ™ÍPı£Ë ‹É∞ Ë£ÌäÜÏ˘ò. ∞Pä£Ë ≤ÛÉË ™Ó£Nü∂¨¯Jô ﬁ∂ Ë£ÌäÜÏ∂Ï° Òü¡ã ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ™KÚ ´ı¨ÙG¡àÓ ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú Ô¨Ï™ü¯˘. HKÜÏQ° ≤ÛÉË ∫ÓÙ£OË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ™Ó°˘£HKÇË£Mô ›JÛÇËÌÇË£˘ ≤ÛÉËà™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ‹EFÛáÏ˘ò. ™Ë£É´Ë£Mô, Âº IôLÚ° ≤ÛÉËà™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú ™Íãπ Òü¡ã ¨ıÛÑ≤ÛÉËÉËOô EÚ£üP˘ò. Òü¡ã ‹É∞Ó£° ‹µ∞á¥ ™ÍåıÓüË£˘ ª´ÛQÚ ≤ÛÉËã ‡ú˜∂.

‹àÓ¨ËÚ Ù ﬁÚÇËÉËú ™Ë£«ÛÒ£Ë Â¥ÇËäÜÏ˘, ›˘£ô ﬁâÓ ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ËÜ¥ä£ÜÆ° Wõ ¨ıàFºäÓü∞ ‹ÛCÚô ËÜÏ¨ÒäπÇË¨˜ ‡ºı£ÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¨Óªã ÙáÏ¬ã £K≤ã ‡ÌòâFºâÓ∂. HKÜÏQ° ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã ™Ó£NüÍÉË Â°PÚ Ë£ÉAÛ≤Ï° ﬁ¨Ìâ∂ ˆ¨Òı£Ó ™Ó£NüÍÉËàÓ¨ÙıòË¨˜ Ë£ÙQË¿Ç∞ ‹¬äH ›HKÇËòË¿Ç∞, ‚äÆ √Ü¥ä´Û „ü£¥Ë¨˜ ‡ºı£Ç∞ı∂ Òü¡ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà¨Ó ËáË£EäÓüË£˘ ﬁÓÛ ‹¨˘à∂ ‹FË£Ûà∂ı ‹¨ÒäπÇË¨˜ªã ‚äÆ ‡ºı£Ç∞ı∂ ‚°¨Óªã Ë£áHàÓ˘ò. Òü¡ã IËÑCPÚ ´ÓCÚı£Ó ‹¨ÒäπÇËú (‹¨ı HÛ£°v Ë£ÙQËOô ﬁô¨Ù) ™ı∞¸˘ ‚Fòäπ ﬁÚÇËÉË¿Ç∞ Ó¨Ù¨Ò ıAÇË™Íåı∂ ·Ç∞MÇËäÜÏ∂.

‹âÓÇ Ë£ÙÇËÜÏàFô ™ıOJÏäÜÏ Âº HKÜÏQ° ™ıOª¯æ ‹ΩıÙË ›ıÌã ≤ÜÆÇË£ÜÆÚ∂: "ÛâÓ ›HKÇË£¨ı ‹ıCÚÒ£˘ Âº ÍÇFÚ£Ë ËºF Ô£ã Íâ´ÓAÇË´ı£ Òü¡ã ‹ÖÍ´ı£ ´Ó¨ıJô¨Ù. ‹Óü∞Ò£¯£Ë ‹¨Ó ¨Ëà∂Ç™Ë£úı¨Ó Ô£ã ÓMòÇË ∫Æªã Òü¡ã ™£∂ı£Ë ≤ÓâFÛ ‡ÙAü∞ ‹¬Ó£ã ™Ë£áÏ ıNËOô ‹¨Ó ıNÔÏàFÑ ™ÍôÙ ∫Æªã. cáÏË£Ù ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‹∂ ›HKÇË£Mü∞ú ´Í£MÚà Â°PÚàÓ£ô ·¥ºæıä¥ıÓü∞ Âº ıΩı£˘, ﬁÚü¨ËÚ£˘ Ó¥ä£Ë ﬁºäÓüË£˘ ÔôÙ GœÌÒ£∞ã."

1957ô Ë£˘£Mô ›ÜC ‹FË£ÛàFô ‹ÒòàÓäÜÏ ∫ÓÙ£ı∂ ÛâÓ-›HKÇË Ó¨Ùıò ∞ı£I ™ÔœÒ£ ›ı£ò. Âº Ò¨¯∫Ë ›ÜC ∫¨¯ ÕÙã ÓÉË˜∂ ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó G¨ÙÔ£Ü¥ıÓü∞ ﬁÙáÏ¬ã, £K≤ã ∫Ú°¯¨Ó ´£Ù´ı, ›HKÇË£Mô H™ÛÖ≤ Òü¡ã HKÜÆw Ë£ÙQà∂ıÉËO° ™ºã£Ù´˘£òË˜£ô H°™Ó£ÏÛäÜÏ Ò£FKJô ‹ıò C¨¯Ç™Ë£ÜÏÆJô ﬁºâ∂ ‹ÛÍ ‹FË£ÛàFü∞ ıâÓ£ò.
ÛâÓ-›HKÇË ‰ÇAÚà¨Ó HÛËÏ˘ä¥àFÚ ‹¨˘ıºã Ë£ÙQà∂ıı£FË˜£ô ı¨ÛÚäÜÏ ‚ô¨ÙË¨˜ „ü¡Ç™Ë£á¥, ËáÏà¨Ó 50 ﬁü∞ã ´ÒüÜÏ ‹Û≤Ë˜£Ë HKäÓü∞ ÍãÒFàÓ˘ò. ﬁâÓ ‚ô¨ÙËú ‚âÓMÓ πMJÚô G¨Ùä£ÜÆLºâ∂ã ∫üPΩã ‹PMü™Ë£öı£Ó∂Ï°, ‹ôÙ∂ Hü´£Ç∞ı£Ó ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£˘ Â´Û ı¨ËÚ£˘ ﬁ˘ã ‚°¡ HKÇËäÜ¥ã √Ï ﬁä´£∂ ‹¨ı HKM¨˘ı£Ó ﬁÚÇËÉËO° HÆJô CÇAÇ ™Ë£áÏ˘. Òü¡ã „Ë£FàFÚ ÍFËÚ£´Ù£Í¨˘Ë¿Ç∞ ıÍFÚ£Ë ‹¨ı Ú°¥àÓäÜ¥ ıºA°¯˘.

´£ºÇ∞äHâFÚ Ë£ÙÇËÜÏàFô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° ﬁÚÇËÒ£˘∂ ›HKÇË£Mô „Ë£FàFÚ ´ÒÙ£FÇËã cÆäÓü∞ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ‹Ñ≤¡àÓÙ£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂. ‹∂ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ™Í£à∂Ï¨Ò ‡¯æË¨˜ ‹Ëü¡M¥´Ò£ Òü¡ã ËÜ¥ä£Ü¨Ï eP M¥´Ò£ ‚°¯ ‹Ñ≤¡àÓΩã ﬁºâÓ∂. ﬁÉ´Ë, vÛ£LQÍã ™ı¡äÃÜÏÇ√ÆÚ É¨Ë ıAàÓ∂. ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚı£ÓàFü∞ ›ÓÛæ ıˆÉAÚ∂ Òü¡ã H¯ Ô£¥ËOô ™ÍåÓ¨Óä´£°¡ ›HKÇË£Mô ´Í£ÍLÍ πÛÜC¨Ú Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥àÓ∂.

™ÔœÒ£ Òü¡ã HKÜÏQ° ÛâÓ ›HKÇËı£FËO° HÛÓ£˘ Óà∂ı£òàÓ Ó¨ÙıÛ£˘ ´¸£òx Ü´Ò£ò ËãŒQvÜ ËÜCJ° Âº Íòı´ÓÍà Ó¨Ùıºã Òü¡ã vÛ£L¬Ç∞ Âº M≤ı£Íã IÇË ›ÓÛı£˜ºÒ£ı£ò. 1930ËO° ™Ó£ÏÇËàFô Ò£v´Ë£Mô ‹ıÛ∂ E "Ü™Û£ÜvAv¥Ë¨˜ªã" Òü¡ã vÛ£LQÍ ıN¨Ú ‚FòäıòË¨˜ªã ´ıºÏ° ÂNà∂ÇËÜ¥ıÓüË£˘ Y˘ ËãŒQvÜ ËÜCJ° C¯äπ MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ∞øMô ´Í¨ı ™Íåı∂Ó£°. ﬁ∂, vÛ£LQÍ Ó¨Ù¨Ò, ´ÓCÚı£Ó ´Ë£IÉÏ£ÉAü∞ ËãŒQvÜ ËÜC¨Ú ∫üPΩã WõÆÚÑ™ÍåıÓüË£Ë 1927ô Y˘äπÛÜC¨Ú Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥àÓ H°˘ò ÔÏâÓÓ£∞ã. ‹âÓ Ë£ÜÆÇ™Ë£¥äπ ÕÙã ›JÛÇËÌÇË£˘ ËãŒQvÜ¥ÇËú ´ÓCÚı£Ó ÍÇFË˜£ô ™Ë£¨Ù ™ÍåÚäÜÏ˘ò.

›HKÇË£MΩã ‹ôÙ∂ ´ı¡ ‚âÓ Ô£ÜÆΩã ´ÓCÚı£Ó ﬁÚÇËÉËOô vÛ£L¬Ç∞ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ‹ÇË¨¯ ﬁô¨Ù Òü¡ã ‹ıü¨¯ „Ë£FàFÚà∂Ï°, Ó£° ÔÏàÓ ∫ÚΩã ´ÛÉË¿Ç∞ ¨Ëä£¨ıÚ£Ë Ú°¥àFÇ ™Ë£úı∂Ó£° ‚°∂ ™ÓOı£˘ H°˘ò, 1930ËO° Ë¨ÏCJô Ü´Ò£ò ËãŒQvÜ ËÜCJLºâ∂ MÙA˘£ò ›˘£ô ‹ıò vÛ£L° Ó¨Ù¨ÒJô Ëü¡Ç™Ë£áÏ Ëºà∂ÇËú Ü´Ò£KÏã cÆàÓ˘. ‹Ó£ı∂ ∫ÓLô Âº ´ÓCÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚËä πÛÜC ‡ºı£∞ã, Òü¡ã ‹Óü∞ä H°˘ò ∫°∞PäHÜ¥Ç √¯∫ÆÚ£Ó ‚FòË£ÙàFô ´Í£ÍLÍã ıºã ‚°Ó£∞ã.

πFÓ£Ë M¥Ó¨Ù ™ü¯ ›HKÇË ‹Û≤ËO° HÛFGFËú √ÜÏã, ‚àF´Ú£äHÚ Ó¨ÙÔËÛ£˘ ‹Æv ‹££Mô 1963 ´Ò Ò£Óã ›HKÇË ‰ÇAÚ ‹¨Òä¨ (OAU) G¡M˘ò. OAU Í£Í˘àF° Wõ ∫°˘£ú Ë£ÙQà∂ı ‚ÍÒ£°Ëú ı¨ÛâÓ ‹ÛCÚô ‚ô¨ÙËú ∫üPΩã, e¯ ∫ÆÚ£Ó¨ı ‚°¡ „ü¡Ç™Ë£úı¨Ó ‡¡F ™Íåªã ı¨ËJô ‹¨ÒâÓ∂!

Âü¡¨ÒJ° HÛËÏ˘ÉËú GÛâÓÛ ÒFäH° GœÌã ‹ôÙ. 1970ËOô ›HKÇË£¨ı ™ÔºÇAÚ ™£º˜£Ó£Û ™ÔºÇËÆ, Ù ›HKÇË ‹Û≤Ë¿Ç∞ ﬁ¨ÏJô Òü¡ã ‹ıüPü∞ú´˜ªã ËÍä£˘ ›ªÓ ´Ò£ÓôËO° Âº ‹¨ÙË¨˜ ‡ºı£ÇAÚ∂. MôLÚã W´Ù£ ≤ÜÆÇË£ÜÆÚ¨Óä´£ô:

ﬁâÓ ﬁÛá¥ ´Ò£ÓôË˜£˘, Í£Ü ‡úÔ£Ü¥ä´£ò Òü¡ã ∫°˘£ú v£QÚ ÍË£Û£ ™Ó£Ïò£Ë ‹ôpKÚ£Mü∞ã ™Ò£Û£Ç´Ë£Mü∞ã ﬁ¨ÏJô Ô¨Ï™ü¯ bMÛä´£ÜÆËú ‚ô¨ÙËú Òü¡ã Ë£ÙQà∂ı ‹ÛCü∞ HâFÚ ﬁ¨¯Ú£á¨ÒJ° πQÓàÓ°¨Ò ËºàFÚÙ£˘ ÛâÓ-›HKÇË£¨ı ‹ÙÉ´Ë£Ù£Ò£Ë C¨Óà∂MÜÏ∂. (The Twentieth Century WorldóAn international history, p. 419).

›HKÇË ‰ÇAÚ ‹¨Òäπ 2002ô Ë¨ÙÇËäÜÏ∂ Òü¡ã ‹Óü∞ä FÙ£Ë ›HKÇË Â°PÚã ‡ºı£ÇËäÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ πFÚ ‹¨Òäπ ‹´Ó ÛâÓ-›HKÇË£M° ´Ô£ÇËÉË¨˜ ∫°´˘£ÆÚ£Ë ‚¥à∂Ç™Ë£áÏ∂, ‹ıüPô ''ËáÏàF° ÍÕË-™£º˜£Ó£Û ÂºÉA¨Ìäπ ∫¥ÇAMÏäÏ ´ıá¥ã.'' Òü¡ã ''‹ıüP° ‡¡äπ ‹Û≤ËO° ≤ÓâFÛ∫ã ‚ô¨Ù ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ç∞ı∂ã, ﬁ¨¯Ú£á¨Òªã £∂Ë£ÇËäÏ ´ıá¥ã'' ‚°∂ã ‹ÏÉ∞ã.

‚öı£PºâÓ´£FΩã, ›HKÇË£¨ı ‡ÙË ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ™£º˜£Ó£ÛàFô ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë ÂºÉA¨Ìä¨Ó ·Ç∞MÇ∞ã ™£º˜£Ó£Û ‹ÛÉË£˘ ›HKÇË ı˜òÑCÇË£˘ πFÚ ÉË£á¨ÒJô (NEPAD) ›HKÇË Â°PÚã ¨Ë™ÚøàFÜÏ∂. G8 ıôÙÛ≤ËO° ›ÓÛ´ı£¥ ËáÏàF° Íâ¨ÓËOô ÓÉË˜∂ ™Ó£Ïºã ıòàÓË ´£¨Û FÜÏIÜ¥ F¯â∂MÜ¥ ™KÚ G¡ı˘ÉË¿Ç∞ Í£ò£Ë Ú°¥à∂ıÓü∞ Âº ıÍFÚ£˘ ™Ôãπ´Ë£Ù£Ë ﬁ∂ ‡ºı£ÇËäÜ¥ú˜∂.

∫Ææ¨Û

„¯àÓ£ˆ 50 ›á¥Ëú, ›HKÇË£Mô ´Òü™Ë£ú˜äÜÏ ô´ı¡ ıÆıÉËOô ‹¨ÒâÓ ´ÓCÚı£Ó ´ı¨ÙFÜÏÉËO° K´Í£Ó¨˘ üPÚ Âº ÒFädÜ¨Ï ﬁä´£∂ ı¨Ûâ∂™Ë£ú˜ ∫Æªã.

´ÓCÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı∫ã, ô´ı¡ ∞ÜÆ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ´ÓCÚı£Ó ﬁÚÇËÉË¿ã IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ›HKÇË ÒÇË¨˜ ‚Fò´Ô£ÇAªú˜ ı¡¨Ò Òü¡ã ∂°àFLºâ∂ M¥¥ıÓü∞ Âº ıNË£Ü¥ıÓü∞ FÙ£Ë, ‹¨ı ÍÕË Òü¡ã ‹ÛCÚô M¥Ó¨ÙÇË£˘ Âº GÚ£ÚÒ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏã ı˜òı¨Ó Â¥Ç∞ıÓü∞ EÚ£üP˘. Òü¡ã, ›HKÇË, Íòı´ÓÍ ıÉAËú Òü¡ã ™ºG¡ı˘ÉËO° HÆJô cÆäÓü∞ ‡¡FÚOàÓ˘.

‹ıòËú Ó¨Ù¨Ò ıAàÓ ´ÓCÚ-‹Û≤Ëú ›HKÇË ™ı∞¸˘ÉËú ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ ™ü¡ ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ cÜÆäÓüË£˘ ıNı¨Ë¨Ú ıˆÉË£∂ ËáÏàFô „Ë£FàFÚàF° ´ÒÙ£FÇËã ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ cÆäÓü∞ ıN™ÍåÓ˘.

Âº CP∂ Ë£ÙàFü∞ Ò£v´Ë£Mô ﬁºâÓ vÛ£LQÍ ‹FË£Ûà∂ıà¨Ó ‹ıòËú Í£òâFºÇË ∫ÆâÓ∂. ´Í£MÚà Â°PÚàF° iõÑCªã, ‹Ó° ™£º˜£Ó£Û ≤ÚÃòàF ™Ë£ú¨ËË¿ã ›HKÇË ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàFü∞ã „Ë£FàFÚ ıôÙÛ≤Ë¿ÇA¨ÏJÙ£˘ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ‡¯æË¨˜ ‹ãÙÒ£ÇAÚ∂.

‡úÔ£Ü¥ ™ÍôıâÓàÓÜÆ˘ò ™ºã£Ωã ÓÉË˜∂ bMÛı£Ó ´ÓCÚı£Ó ı£åiÑ¨Í, ¨ËMÜ¥MÜÏ˘ò Òü¡ã ÓÉË˜∂ ™Í£âÓ M´˚ÏÍΩ¨ËËú cÜÆä¨Ó ‡¡Fä¥à∂ıÓüË£˘ ıNı¨ËÚ£Ë „Ë£FàFÚ ıôÙÛ≤ËO° Â°´¯£¥ ‹ôÙ∂ Òü™¯£°´¯£¥ ´ÔÛÆÚ£Ë ﬁ¨Ìä¨ ¨ıäÓü∞ Óü´£∂ ∫ÚôA°¯˘ò.

Ã´Ë£˜àF° eÓ£˘ „Ë£FàFÚ ´ÒÙ£FÇËã ›HKÇË£M° ı˜òÑC ∞°PÚ Ô£¥ËOô ıòÇË ∫Ûá£¥Ë¨˜ A˜PMÜÆºÇA¯∂. ∂ôLÚÒ£Ë °˘£Ü¥ G¡ı˘ÉËú ·¥ºıô ™ÍåÓ Ë£ÛÌàF˘£ô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã ı˜òÑC ËáÆºÇA¯∂. ›HKÇË£Mô ´ÓCÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıã „Ë£FàFÚàFü∞ ‚Fòäπ ™ÓKMà∂ ıºı∂ ‹¨˘à∂ã GâÓ¨˘Ç∞ÜÜÏÓ£∞ã, Òü¡ã ÓÉË˜∂ ™Í£âÓ ı£õ¨ı ‹Ñ≤¡à∂ã ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàF° Âº ≤ÓâFÛÒ£˘ ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó Ô≤Ç∞ıÓüË£˘ ‹ıCÚà∂Ï° £òÇ¨ËJô ∫üPΩã ﬁÛáÏ£ã ÜÍÒ£˘Ó£∞ã. ´ÓCÚ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ıàF° ∞PÇ´Ë£˜£˘ „Ë£FàFÚ ıôÙÛ≤Ë¿Ï° Âº C¯âÓ ‡Ï°£ÜÆü∞ ∫ÚüCä∂ ÒÜ¥ä¥àÓäÜÆºä∂Ï°, ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú Òü¡ã MıÍ£JË¨˜ ≤Ûá¥ıFô „Ë£FàFÚÉËú Âº ™KÚ É¨Ë ™¡ı¨Ó ‹¬ÒFà∂ú˜∂.

ﬁâÓ Íòı´ÓÍ ›CKÚò ∞ø √ÜÏàFô ÔÒ∂ Mı£ÓÉËO° ™Ó£ÏÇËàFô, Óü´£∂ Y˘£Mô ∫°´˘PÇ ™Ë£áÆºÇ∞ã M¨Ûı£˘ ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı, ™£º˜£Ó£Û ı˜òÑC ‚FòË£Ù ›HKÇË£ Ë£Ì ∫ÆªÒ£? ‚˘ ´ËúM ‚øääÜÏ∂:

ﬁä´£∂ ‚°˘ ™ÓOı£Ëà ™ÓKA¯∂ ‚°¯£ô, ''›HKÇË£¨ı ≤üPı¨˜äFô'' Âº πFÚ ´£ÜÆ „üË˘´ı Ô¨Ï™ü¡Ç ™Ë£áÆºÇA°¯∂. ∫°˘£ú Ë£ÙQà∂ı ıôÙÛ≤Ë˜£˘ HKÜÏ° Òü¡ã HÛ£°v ´£°¯¨ı ÓÉË˜∂ ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ Fºã ıLª¡àFä ™¡ıÓü∞ ∫Ú°¡ ıºA°¯˘, ‹´Ó ´ÔÛàFô ‹™ÒKÇË£æã ÕòÇËàÓ˘Ò£Ë Ó¨ÙJÜ¥ ıºA¯∂. „üË˘´ı ﬁâÓ ‚FòË£Ù ™ıÆà∂ÑCÓ¡ã Ó°¨ÒªÏ° ´Íòâ∂, ›HKÇË£Mô Y˘£M° ·¥ºıΩã ı˜òâ∂ ıºA¯∂. ‹∂ ∞Pä£Ë, ‚á™Ìå ‡ÜÏ ∫ÇAÚ ÕÙä™£ºÜË¨˜ Ó£ÉËú ™Í£âÓÒ£Ë ‹¨ÏÚ ∫Ú°¡ ™Ë£áÆºä∂Ï° Ó˘∂ ™£ºÜË¨˜ MüÓü∞ ÛıÙ£˘ πFÚ Íâ¨ÓË¨˜ G¡ıæã ∫Ú°¡ ıºA¯∂.

ﬁâÓ πFÚ Ó¨Ùf¥ ›HKÇË£Mô ÔÏä∂ IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ›HKÇË ™Ó£NÙ£˜òËú Òü¡ã MıÍ£JËO° ÔÙ°Ë¿ÇË£Ë ‹ôÙ ‹ıòË˜∂ ÔÙ°Ë¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£ËàÓ£°.

´ÒΩã ﬁâÓ ™KÚ ËáÏã eá¥ã Âº ∫¨¯ Âº ´£òÇË˜Ò£Ë Ò£PÇ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂. ﬁÉ∞ ´£ÜÆ ™ºG¡ı˘ÉËú, „Ë£FàFÚ ıôÙÛ≤Ëú, ‹ıòË˜∂ ‡úÔ£Ü¥ HÛFGFËú Òü¡ã ﬁÛ£µıä¨ÏËú ﬁ¨ÏMÏ£Òô ´ÒΩã ‹FËÒ£˘ ﬁÛàÓÇË˜K ´Ò£ÓôËOô ﬂ¥Ü¥ ıºA°¯˘.

›HKÇË£M° e∂ „Ë£FàFÚ ´ÒÙ£FÇËàFü∞ ∫ü¡äπúO ¨ıà∂ Òü¡ã ËÍä£˘ £ÛãKÚà¨Ó ËÏâ∂ ıºıÓü∞ ÔÏàÓä¥A°¯ ´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã, MıÍ£JË´˜£¥ √Ü¥ ´Íòâ∂ ‹FË£ÛàFüË£˘ Âº πÛÜCËÛ ´£Û£ÜÏàFü∞ Ó¨Ù¨Ò Ó£ÉË ´ıá¥ã.

‚öı£¯£J¬ã, H°ÓÉAÚ Ô£¥ËOô „Ó£ı∂ Âº Ô£ÜÆô ‹ôÙ∂ Ù Ô£¥ËOô ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇË ‹FË£Ûã cÆàFºä∂ã Òü¡ã ´Í£ÍLÍà¨Ó ËÜÆÚ¨ÒäÓ° ‹ıCÚ∫ã, ﬁÓÚÓ£˘àFô „Ë£FàFÚà¨Ó …ÇA i≤ıÓü∞ ∫°´˘PÚ Ô£¥ËOô ‡ú˜ ‚ôÙ£ıüPü∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËà∂Ï° Âº ™£∂ı£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏã ÔÏàÓ£Òô G¨˘à∂ã £òÇË∫ÆÚ£∂.

Ô£°Ë£ã ‹AÙã ∫°¨ıÇ∞ã Íòı´ÓÍ ∫°´˘£Ç∞ ´ı¡ ‚âÓ Ô£Ü¨ÏªãMÏ ›HKÇË£MôÓ£° ﬁ°¨¯Ú F˘ã ™ÍÚô¥àÓ ´ıáÆÚ ‹ıCÚ∫ã ‹ıÍÛ∫ã „üÜÆºÇA¯∂.