War, social inequality and the crisis of American democracy

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War, social inequality and the crisis of American democracy

´£ò, ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò Òü¡ã ‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° ™ÔºÇËÆ

By David North
14 November 2006

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Ôıãò 5 ‹°¡ ËL´£òQÚ£M° Í´Ï˘£Mô Ô¨Ï™ü¯ √ÜÏã Â°Pô ‡ÙË ´Í£ÍLÍ ı¨Ùà Ó˜ Íòı´ÓÍ ›CKÚò ∞øM° Ó¨Ùıºã ‹™ÒKÇË ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜCJ° ´ÓCÚ ™ÍÚÙ£˜ºÒ£˘ ´ÏMÜ ´Ô£òà ›üPÚ ‡¨Û¨Ú ﬁÉ´Ë ™ıOJÜ¥ú´˜£ã.

™Íöı£Ú°¡ ÔÏÇË ﬁºÇ∞ã ´ÓòÓô IËæã ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ∂. ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô Óü´£∂ GÙæã ‹ÛCÚô ≈ˆô Òü¡ã G¨Ù¨ÒËú üP ‹∂ ÔÒÇ∞Ñ CÙıü¨¯ ‚¥à∂¨ÛÇ∞ã. ‚ä™£ø∂ã ´£ô, M¨˜¨ı ∫°√ÜÆ´Ú ËEä∂ ËÆ˘Ò£∞ã; „™˘Qô Ù Ò£¡¥ã √¡£¥Ëú ﬁFô ÍãâÓäÜ¥ú˜˘. πw Gòı£ËàFü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ›ˆÒ£˘ ‹ºıºäπ Òü¡ã ™ı¡äπÌòæ ﬁıüPü∞ã ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜC ÒÇËO° ÛâÓ HKMü∞ ∫¨¯J¥ã Âº ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏà¨Ó ∫°¨ıÇË£Ó, ∫°¨ıÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¯ ‡á¨ÒÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ‡¯¨ı Âºıò ‹˜MÏ ´ıá¥ã. ‚˘´ı ı£ÇË£˜òËú ‚àÓ¨˘ ´ò ı£Ç∞Ë¨˜ ´£Ï ∫°ıºA¯£òËú ‚°∂ IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘Ó£∞ã.

›˘£ô ´ÓCÚ ÍÜÏÒ°¯àF° HÛFGFËú Ò°¯àFΩã Âº´ı¨˜ ™Í˘Ü Ò°¯àFΩã ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ˘ò ËÜ¥ä£Ü¨Ï eá¥ã ™Ë£áÏ£ô, ‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã ™Ó£Ïºã ™Ë£ú¨ËË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë Ó£ÉËú ı£ÇËOÇA´¯£ã ‚˘ MºãH ı£ÇËOÇ∞ã IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ‡ÌòMü∞ã, ﬁº ‹ÛCÚô ËÜCË¨˜ªã ËÜ¥ä¥à∂ã ›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥ÇA° ‹ÛCÚô ™ÍÚüÜÆÚΩÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ™ºã H˜¨ı ‹∂ ™ıOä¥à∂ã.

‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° ™ÔºÇËÆ üP ´≤A´¯£ã ‚°¡ √¡ã´£∂, Ô£ã ‚¨Ó ‹òàÓä¥à∂A´¯£ã?

ﬁâÓ ´ÓòÓLô ÔÒÇ∞ ıˆÉËäÜÆºÇ∞ã Ò£ül¥ËO° Ó°¨Ò´Ú ‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° ™ÔºÇËÆ¨Ú ™ıOä¥à∂A¯∂. ¸˘Ô£ÚËã ‚°¯£ô ‚°˘? "ÒÇË¿ÇË£Ë, ÒÇË˜£ô G¡ıäÜ¥ú˜ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã"-- ‚°¡ ‹™ÒKÇË£M° F˘£¯£ı∂ ¸˘£FF √PÚ∂ IËÑ C¯âÓ ı¨ÛÚ¨¯ ‚°¡ Ô£° ÔãπA°´¯°. ›˘£ô ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàF° ÔòË¨˜ bòÒ£QÇ∞ã ﬁÚÉ∞∫¨¯Ë´˜ ÒÇËúÓ£´Ò, ÓÉËO° ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ ‚öMÓàFΩã ™ıOä¥à∂ΩÇ∞ ∫üPΩã ∞´Û£ÓÒ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã™£ø∂ ‹Ó¨˘ ‚äÆ ¨ıàFºÇË∫Æªã?

ı£Ç∞Ñ YÜÆô Âºıò ‚äÆä Fæ ™ÍåÚä¥A¯£ò? ÔÒÇ∞ ∫°´˘ ﬁºÇ∞ã Ò£ül¥Ëú Ú£¨ı? ‹™ÒKÇË HÛFGFËú Ò°¯àFô ﬁâÓ ™Ó£∞FJô ﬁºâ∂ ´ıÜ£˜Û£Ë ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜCJ° Í£òHô G¡àÓä¥ıÓü∞ 12,000 ÒÇËú ¨Ë™ÚøàFÜ¥ Ò¬Ç ™Ë£¥àÓ˘ò; ›˘£ô ´ÓòÓô MFËO°Æ ‹âÓ ‚áEÇ¨Ëªã ´£Ó£∂ ‚°¡ ‡ú˜∂.

Ó¨ÏËú ÒËàÓ£˘¨ıÚ£Ë ‡ú˜˘: ËÜCÇ∞ Í£ÓËÒ£å ´ÓòÓô ™Ó£∞FË¨˜ HKàÓô (Gerrymandering), Ò¬ÇËú ´£¥ıFô ≤ÒàÓä¥ã Ó¨ÏËú, ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ° ‹ÛCÚô ™ÍÚü£ÜÏ£˜òËú ÔÏà∂ã ‚Ωãπ ´Ó£á¥Óô --‚°ıü¨¯ ﬁôL´Ô£Jô Ô£ã Ëá´Ï£ã. „´Ó¬ã ÂºMÓàFô, Âºıò ı£Ç∞ÑYÜÆô Fæ ™Íå∂™Ë£ú¿ıÓü∞Ç√Ï ÒËàÓ£˘ Íı£ôË¨˜ ‚Fò™Ë£ú˜ ´ıáÆªú˜∂.

ﬁÓ° M¨˜æ 300 IôLÚ° ÒÇËú ‡ú˜ Ô£ÜÆô, ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô ™ºã ﬁ˘, ÒÓ, Íòı´ÓÍ H°˘E Òü¡ã IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ‹Æä¨Ï ´ı¡£Ï£˘ ÍÕË £∞£¥Ëú, ™£º˜£Ó£Û G¨Ù ‚°™¯ôÙ£ã ‡ú˜ G¨ÙJô, ‹¨˘à∂ ‹™ÒKÇË Í∫Ó£ÚàF° ´ı¡£¥Ë¿ã ﬁÛá¥ ‹ÛCÚô ËÜCËú ‚°¯ ∫¨¯Ç∞ú ∫ÆÇËäÜ¥ M¥A°¯˘; ﬁ¨ı ﬁÛá¥´Ò 150 ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ﬁÚÉA ıºA°¯˘; ﬁıüP° ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏÉËú IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ÔÙ°Ë¨˜ªã ´Ó¨ıË¨˜ªã ‚öı¨ËJΩã ´≤ıFô¨Ù.

‚äÆ ﬁ∂ Í£àFÚÒ£A¯∂? Âº ÒO¨ËÇ Ë¨Ï ‹ôÙ∂ Òºâ∂Ç Ë¨ÏÇ∞Ñ ™Í°¯£Ωã ‚àÓ¨˘ MÓÒ£˘ ü¨ÍËú ‹É∞ ‡ú˜˘? ı£å≤àÓã, ı£Í¨˘ª¨ÏÚ¨ı, H´˜¥ ı¨ËËOô ‚àÓ¨˘ ‡ú˜˘? ›˘£ô ‚ôÙ£ıüPΩã IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ Mºäà´Óòæ, ‚°¡ ıºã™£ø∂, ‹ÛCÚô ´ı¨ÙàFÜÏÉËO° ´Óòæ ‚°¡ ıºã´£∂, ‡ÉË¿Ç∞ ﬁºä∂ ‚°˘? ‹Æä¨Ï ‡ÌòMô Â´Û Ò£FKÚ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ﬁº ‹ÛCÚô ËÜCËúÓ£ã.

‡á¨ÒJô ﬁºä∂ ﬁº-ËÜC ∫¨¯ ‚°¡ Ë£ÜÏä¥ã Âº-ËÜC ∫¨¯Ó£°. H°˘ò Ô£ã ›Û£Ú ﬁºä∂ ´£ô, ﬁº ËÜCË¿Ç∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ‡¯æ ﬁâÔ£ÜÆü∞ú´˜ Mı£Óà¨Ó ËÜ¥ä¥à∂ıFô IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ É¨ËÇ ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂.

À¡, ›JÛÇËÌÇË£˘ IôLÚ° Ï£ÙòËú ‚°¯ ı¨ËJô ™ÍÙMÏä¥ã ´ÓòÓôË¨˜ Ô£ã Ë£áA´¯£ã; Âö™ı£º ÍÜÏ Ò°¯à ™Ó£∞FJΩã IôLÚ°Ëú ™ÍÙMÏä¥A°¯˘. ÍÜÏÒ°¯àFô ﬁÏã ™¯ ´ıá¥Ò£˘£ô Âºıò ‚öı˜æ ™ÍÙıNÇË ´ıá¥ã? Ô£ÜÆô ∞PäHÜÏ ™Ó£∞F ‚É∞ ﬁºÇA¯´Ó£ ‹¨Óä ™£¡à∂ ™K∂ã ‹∂ ‡ú˜∂. GŒ ´Ú£òÇ ÔËÛà ™Ó£∞FJô ﬁºâ∂ ´ÓCÚÑ ÍÜÏ Ò°¯àFü∞ ´ÓòÓLô G°¯£ô, ‹∂ $10 IôLÚ° ™ÍÙæ ‚°¯ ‡ÚòG¨ÙJô ﬁºÇ∞ã. ™Í˘Ü Ò°¯àFü∞ GüAlòËú ‚°¯£ô ‹∂ $20, $25, „° $30 IôLÚ° Ï£ÙòËú ‚°¡ √Ïä ´£∞ã. ‚äÆ ﬁºâÓ´£FΩã ‚ôÙ£ıüPü∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‹ÛCÚô Mı£ÓàF° ÓÛã ‚°˘? ›Û£Úä¥ã HÛÑC¨˘Ëú Ú£¨ı?

ﬁ∂ Â°¡ã Âº CPÚ HÛÑC¨˘ ‹ôÙ. ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFü∞ã ÒÇË¨˜ ËôMŒÜ¥ÓΩÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú, ‹ÛCÚΩÇ∞ã GÙæã ‹ÛCÚô Ô˘M° ÒÜÏàFü∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú „´Ó¬ã ™Ó£Ïòπ ﬁºÇË ´ıá¥ã.

1815ã ›á¥ ﬁÛá¥ ÕàÓ ‹ÛCÚôı£FËú, ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ›Ûã ı£õÇ¨ËJô ﬁºâÓ ‹ÛCÚô ´£Û£ÜÏÉË¨˜ ÊÛ˜æ ËÏâÓıòËú Âº cáÏ ËÆÓä ´£Ç∞ıÛà¨Ó ™Ë£áÏ˘ò. ﬁÇËÆÓä KÒ£ü¯àFô Â°¡ ﬁºıKô ÂºıÛ£˘, ‹™ÒKÇËä πÛÜCJ° ∫ÇAÚ Ó¨ÙıòËOô Âºıºã, ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘£FFªã ›˘ ´¸£° ›ÏãÍ£ô ‚øÓäÜÏ∂. ﬁıò Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ¨ˆÚ M´Û£FÇ∞, ﬁºıº¨ÏÚ Ë¨ÏC ›á¥ËOô ﬁıºÇ∞ IË ™ÔºÇËÒ£˘ ÔáÛ£AMÜÏ ´Ó£Òv ™¸òÍ¬Ç∞ ‚øF˘£ò.

™¸òÍ° ∫°¨˘Ú™Ó£º ËÆÓàFô ﬁâÓ M˘£¨ı ‚øäHJºâÓ£ò: ‚Ò∂ ı£õ¨ıªã ‡Úò Ò£á¨ªã ‹òäEà∂ Ô£ã ﬁºıºã É∞ ™üPºâÓ πÛÜC ‚∂? ‹Óü∞ ›Ïãv √PÚ M¨Ï ™ı∞ ÔÚÒ£˘∂. πÛÜC ‚°∂ ´£ò ‹ôÙ ‚°¡ ‹ıò √P˘£ò. πÛÜCJ° M¨˜ı£ËàÓ£° ´£ò ﬁºâÓ∂.

‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ πÛÜC 1775Ç∞ H°˘ò ÔÏÇËMô¨Ù. ‹∂ 1775Ç∞ ∫°˘ò, Ë£ÙQà∂ı ÒÇËO° ÒàFJô ‹ÛCÚô Ô˘M° ‹KIÓÒ£˘ ı˜òÑCÚ£ô ∞PÇËä¥ã, 1760Ç∞ã 1775Ç∞ã ﬁ¨ÏäÜÏ 15 ›á¥ Ë£ÙàFô „üÜÏ∂. πÛÜC ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ‡ú˜ÉËOô „üÜÏ∂. ﬁâÓ ‡ÌòæÓ£° IË ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô Ô˘M° ı˜òÑC¨Ú Í£àFÚÒ£ÇAÚ∂, ‹Ó° IË ∏ÜÒ£˘ ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï ™¸òÍQ° ≤ÓâFÛä HÛËÏ˘àFΩã, H°˘ò ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ, ‡K¨ÒËú üPÚ ÍÜÏà¨Ó ı¨ÛıFΩã ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï ËáÏ∂.

Ô˘M° ı˜òÑC¨Ú ·°PÇ ËıQÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯£ô, ™ÍåFà Ó£ÜË¨˜ä ÆªÉËú, ∂á¥ä HÛ≤ÛÉË¨˜ä ÆªÉËú, ôÙ£JÛÇËÌÇAô ¨ˆÚ ∞Æ´Úü¯Ô£¥ËOô ≤ü¯PÇ¨ËÇ∞ MÏäÜÆºâÓ ∂áÏPÇ¨ËË¨˜ ÆªÉËú, ‹É∞Ó£° πÛÜCJ° ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ‹HMºàF¨Ú Ë£ádòËú ‚°¡ ›Ïãv ‡á¨ÒJô √P˘£ò.

ıÛÙ£üP° Íü´¯ Hâ¨ÓÚ Ë£ÙàFô, ‡úÔ£Ü¥ä ´£ºÇ∞ ∫°˘Ó£Ë, LÉË¬Ç∞ã ¥ÇÙ£≤Ç∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ™ºã Mı£ÓÉËú GËõâÓ˘. LÉËQ° ÉËOä£˘, ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ‹Æ¨Ò∫¨¯ ‹Ëü¯ä¥ıÓü∞ ı¨Ë ™ÍåÓ HÛÑC¨˘Ë¨˜ üPÚ C¯ä£˘ ≤ºÇË ‡¨Û¨Ú IÖ≤ıÓü∞ ﬁ°¡ ı¨Û Â°¡ã ﬁô¨Ù.

ﬁ°¬ã ™Í£ôÙä´£˘£ô, Ó°¬¨ÏÚ Ë£ÙàF° ™ºã HÛÑC¨˘Ë¨˜ ™ÓOı£Ë ‚¥à∂¨Ûà∂ M˜Ç∞ã Ó°¨Ò¨Ú, F¯¨Ò¨Ú ™K∂ã ™üPºâÓÓ£ôÓ£° ™ºÒ˜Mü∞ LÉË´˘ Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‹ÛCÚô ı£õMô Âº ´ıÜ£˜Û£Ë ﬁºÇË ∫ÆâÓ∂. LÉË¬¨ÏÚ ´ıÜ£˜òG¨Ù 1860 ™äºıKJô Fºäπ∫¨˘Ú£Ë ﬁºâÓ∂. ﬁôL´Ô£Jô ﬁºâ∂ ıâFºâÓ ´ıÜ£˜ò Âº ≤ü¡ä ÚÌ ‡¨ÛËOô É∞ ™Ë£ú˜ ‹¨ˆäπÇ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÆºâÓ£ò. Ò£Í£Ñ≤ÍÜv, ™°Côı£QÚ£ Òü¡ã Ë˘ÇÆËÜ ›AÚ Ò£GÙÉË¿Ç∞ ‹ıò ™Í°¯£ò; ›˘£ô ∫ÇAÚ √ÜÏ´Ò£ GŒ ´Ú£òÇAô Ô¨Ï™ü¯∂; ‹É∞ ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç ËÜCJ° CÉËà¨Ó ÂàÓ Ó¨ÙıòËú ﬁâÓ ﬁôL´Ô£J° AÛ£Òäπ¯ ´ıÜ£˜¨Û ‚¨Ï ´£Ï ﬁºâÓ˘ò.

Íü´¯ ™£ºâÓ£Ó Âº ‡¨ÏJô LÉË° ´Ò¨ÏJô ´Ó£°PÚæÏ° --‡ÙA° ´ÛˆËò Â°¡ã ‹ıò ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¡ ‚Ò∂ ™ÍåF ·ÏËã ﬁ°¡ ‹ı¨Û ‹öMÓàFô π¯ÇËEà∂M¥ã-- ‹É∞ √ÆJºâ´Ó£K¨Ï´Ú ı£åÇ∞ú Âº CKäπ ﬁºâÓ∂. H°˘ò ‹ıò ´Íà ™Ó£ÏÉA˘£ò. ‹¥àÓ 90 GI˚ÉËOô, ‹ıò, ‹Æ¨Òä HÛÑC¨˘Ú£ô ∫°¨ıÇËäÜÏ ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ HÛÑC¨˘Ëú üPÚ ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘, MKı£˘ ÒFädÜ¨Ï ‹OàÓ£ò.

‹ÛCÚÙ¨Òä¨ G¡MÚıòËú ‹¨˘ıº¨ÏÚ G¨Ùä£Ü¨Ïªã ›Û£åâÓ£ò. MKı£˘, ‹´Ó ´ÔÛàFô ≤ºÇËÒ£˘, ™ºã ´ÓòÑC ‡¨ÏÚ ∞ä£åı£Ë ﬁ∂ ‹¨ÒâÓ∂; Â´Û ËÌàFô LÉË° Âº Ò£™ºã ÍÇF ‚°¨Ó ∞øIJºâÓ ‹¨˘ıºÇ∞ã ‹∂ ™ÓOı£ÇAÚ∂. ﬁıº¨ÏÚ ´ıÜπà Ó°¨Ò¨Ú ™ºã ÔãËàÓ°¨ÒÇ∞ ‹∂ Ò£üPÚ∂. ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç ËÜCJ° ´ıÜ£˜Û£Ë ‹ıò ›˘£ò; ‹FºwÏıÍÒ£Ë ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ¸˘£FFÚ£Ëæã ›˘£ò.

ﬁ°¨¯Ú G¨Ù¨ÚÇ Ë£µÉËú. ‚âÓä HÛC¨˘Ëú Mı£FÇËäÜ¥ ﬁºÇA°¯˘? ‚âÓ M˘£ÇËú ‚øääÜ¥ ‡ú˜˘? ™Ë£ÖÍã ´ı¡ÜÏ ı¨ËJô ‹Ó¨˘ ¨ıä´£ã, ‚∂ Ô≤ÇËäÜÏ∂? ‚∂ Mı£FÇËäÏ∫ÆÚ£∂ ´£Jü¡?

ﬂÛ£ÇAô ﬁÛàÓÇË˜K

ﬁ°¡ Ë£¨Ù ™ÍåF ·ÏËã ∫øıFΩã ÍÓ£ã ˝ß¨ÍQ° ÓáÏ¨˘ Òü¡ã ‹ıò …ÇALÏäÏ ﬁºÇA¯£ò ‚°∂ üPÚ ‹PMäπË˜£ô G¨¯âFºâÓ˘. Àü¡ÇËÌÇË£˘ ﬂÛ£ÇAÚòË¨˜ ¥™Ë£¨Ù ™ÍåÓÓüË£Ë ‹ıò ÓáÏ¨˘Ç∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÜ¥ú˜£ò.

IË ‹FË ‹˜Mô √¯äÏ£Ó, Mı£FÇËäÏ£Ó Òü™¯£º ‡á¨Ò¨Ú ›Û£å´ı£ã. ™ÍåF „¥Ëú ≤ºÇËÒ£Ë ﬁ∂ üPÇ √P˘; ‹à´Ó£¥ G¡àFÇ ™Ë£áÏ˘. ‹Ç´Ï£ò Ò£Óã ´¸£°v ™˝£äA°v ôË¨ÙÇËˆË ∞øM° ›å´ı ‹∂. ´¸£°v ™˝£äA°v Âº ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ G¡ı˘ã ›∞ã; IË ∫°´˘ü¯ËÛÒ£˘ πúOJÚô ıNı¨ËË¨˜ ‹Æä¨ÏÚ£ËÇ ™Ë£á¥ Êò ›å¨ı ‹∂ G¡Mªú˜∂; ﬁÓ°Æ Ò£òÑ 2003ô ﬁºâ∂ ‹™ÒKÇË Ó¨Ùf¥ Òü¡ã ›ÇAÛIäH˘£ô ﬂÛ£ÇAô ﬁ¯âÓıòË¿¨ÏÚ ‚áEÇ¨Ë 655,000 ‚°´Ó ‹∂.

ﬂÛ£ÇA° e∂ ﬁâÔ£¥ ¨Ï™Ú¥àÓF° M¨˜ı£Ë ‹¡Àü¨¯ãà¨Óâ∂ ›JÛã ÒQÓòËú ‹Nâ∂ú˜˘ò. ‹¡Àü¨¯ãà¨Óâ∂ ›JÛã!

ÍÓ£ã ˝ß¨Í° GËõàFÚ ∞ü¯ÉËú, ‹ıò ™Ë£°¯ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ‚áEÇ¨Ë üP Ô£° Ù ‹PÇ¨ËËOô Ëá¥ú´˜°. Ô£° £òàÓ IË ‹FË ‚áEÇ¨Ë¨Ú ÂäπÇ ™Ë£áÏ£Ωã ‹∂ AÜÏàÓÜÏ 150,000ô ﬁºâ∂ 200,000 Ç∞ú ﬁºÇ∞ã; ‹Ó£ı∂ ﬁâÓ Õ°¡ ›á¥ËOô ‹™ÒKÇË ¨Ï™Ú¥äH° M¨˜ı£Ë ﬁ¯âÓ ™Ò£àÓ ‚áEÇ¨ËJô Õ°Pô Âº É¨ËMÏ ∞¨¯âÓ∂Ó£° ‹∂.

‹¡Àü¨¯ãà¨Óâ∂ ›JÛã ÒÇËú ‚°∂ ﬂÛ£ÇAÚ ÒÇËOô AÜÏàÓÜÏ 2.5 ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó HÛFLÇ∞ã. Âº ÒÇËÜ™Ó£∞äHô ﬁÛáÏ¨Û ÍÓMAÓã! ‹âÓ ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó ‹™ÒKÇË£Mü∞ ™£ºàFä £ºÉËú. ‹àÓ¨ËÚ Ò£™ºã ´KÏò, 300 IôLÚ° ™Ò£àÓ ÒÇËOô 7.5 IôLÚ° ‡JòËú ÒÆâFºÇ∞ã ‚°¯ ™£º¨˜ Óºã.

Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ∞ü¯ÉË¿Ç∞ ÍÓ£ã ˝ßÍ¨˘ ™£¡ä´üË ´ıá¥ã; ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒËú üP bMÛ ‹ÇË¨¯ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£ô, cFÒ°¯àÓ£ô „ü¡Ç™Ë£ú˜äÜÏ ™ÍÚô∫¨¯Ëú „üËàÓÇË¨ı ‚°¡ ‚ıºã „üË∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°¨Óªã Ô£° √PÚ£Ë ´ıá¥ã. ›˘£ô ‹ıºÇ∞ ÒÛÌ ÓáÏ¨˘ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜∂; ﬁâÓ ÓáÏ¨˘¨Úªã Ô£ã ‚FòÇA´¯£ã. ›˘£ô Íòı´ÓÍÑ ÍÜÏà¨Ó ePÚ Êº ´£¨Û ´Òü™Ë£á¥ 655,000 ÒÇËO° ﬁ¯äHü∞ Ë£ÛÌÒ£˘ıòË¿Ç∞ ‚àÓ¨ËÚ ÓáÏ¨˘ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏ ´ıá¥ã? ‚âÓ ‹˜Mü∞ ™£¡äπÇ √¡ã Ó°¨Ò ËÌÇAô ‚¥à∂Ç ™Ë£ú˜äÏ ´ıá¥ã?

™ÍåF ·ÏËã ﬁ¨Ó ‚Fò™Ë£áÏ ı¨Ë¨Ú üP ≤ÜÆÇ Ë£ÜÏÙ£ã. 655,000 ´ò ﬁ¯âÓ∂ ‚°∂ Ô£¥ ∫øı∂ã ÒËàÓ£˘ ‹FòÑC¨Ú „ü¥àFJºÇË ´ıá¥ã. ‡á¨ÒJô ·ÏËàFô ≤ºÇËÒ£˘ ÓËıôË´˜ ıâFºâÓ˘. ‹PMäπ ıâÓ Ò¡F˘ã Âº ™ÍåFÚ£˜ò √ÜÏàFô ﬁ¨Ó ‚äÆ ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿A¯£ò ‚°¡ πw ´ËÜËäÜÏ£ò; ‹PÇ¨Ë ÔãËàÓ°¨Ò ‡¨ÏÚ∂ ‹ôÙ ‚°¡ ‹ıò √P˘£ò. ﬁ¨Óà™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ‹∂ üPÚ M˘£ ‚ˆMô¨Ù; ∫ÇAÚ ·ÏËÒ£˘ GŒ ´Ú£òÇ ¨Ïãv, ı£SÉÏ° ´£vÜ, Ù£v „ÖÍôv ¨Ïãv ´£°¯ıüPô ´¸£° ´˝£äA°v ôË¨ÙÇËˆË ‹PÇ¨Ë ÔãËàÓ°¨Ò ‹ü¯∂ ‚°¡ πw √PÚ¨Ó F¯˘£åMü∞ ‡Ü¥àF Âº ËÜ¥¨Û √Ï ıÛMô¨Ù.

GŒ ´Ú£òÇ ¨ÏãR° ›CKÚÛ£˘ Hô ™ËôÙò, IÑCË° ôË¨ÙÇ ËˆËàFü∞ ıâÓ£ò; ‚ÉËú GºòËOô Âºıò ‹ı¨Û ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ™ÍåFàÓ£O° ™Ò˜˘ã üP ´ËÜÏ£ò. ﬁ¨Ó ‹ıò Â∂ÇAà ÓúOMÜÏ£ò. ﬁàÓËıô ™ı¡´Ò Â∂ÇAà Óú˜äÜ¥MÜÏ∂. ›J¬ã√Ï ‹™ÒKÇË£Mü∞ú ‹∂ IË ›õâÓ Mı£ÓàFü∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÜÆºÇË ´ıá¥ã; ‹FΩã ∞Pä£Ë Ôã¨Ò Ô£ã, ﬁÓ° M¨˜æËú ‚äÆ ﬁºÇ∞ã ‚°¡ ´ËÜ¥Ç ™Ë£áÆºÇË ´ıá¥ã. ﬁàÓ¨˘ ™KÚ ∞ü¯àFô ™Ó£Ïòπ¨ÏÚ Âº Ô£ÜÆü∞ ‚àÓ¨ËÚ H°M¨˜æËú ıºã? Òü™¯£º Ô£ÜÆ° ÒÇËÜ™Ó£¨ËJô 2.5 ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó ‹Nà∂ MÜÏ ‚âÓ M¨˜æã ıÛ£∂ ‚°¡ ‹™ÒKÇË£ ËºÓÙ£Ò£? ﬁ∂ ﬂÛ£ÇAô ÒÜ¥I°P ‚Ò∂ Ô£ÜÆΩã M¨˜æ ıÛ£∂ ‚°¡ ËºÓÙ£Ò£?

1787ã ›á¥ HÙ™ÏôHÚ£Mô ‹ÛCÚÙ¨Òäπ üP Mı£ÓÉËú Ô¨Ï™ü¯ ´£∂, ´ıòpQÚ£Mô ﬁºâ∂ ıâFºâÓ ´¸£òx ´ÒÍ° ‹Æ¨Òä HÛÑC¨˘ üP ‡¨ÛÚ£üP˘£ò. ‹ıò ‹Æ¨ÒËú ¨ıàFºâÓıò; ›˘£ô ‹Æ¨Ò ∫¨¯¨Ú ‚FòàÓıò. "ÓQÔòË¨˜ ´£ô ‹°P, Ô£¥ËO° ∞ü¯ÉËú Òü™¯£º ‡ÙAô ÓáÏ¨˘Ç∞ ‡ÜÜÏ¨ı, ﬁâÓ ı£õMü∞ H°˘ò ‡ÜÜÏ¨ı ‹ôÙ. Ô£¥ËO° ∞ü¯ÉËú ﬁâÓ ‡ÙA´Ù´Ú ÓáÏ¨˘Ç∞ ‡Ü¥ã; ™ºã ´ÓCÚ ´ÛNæ ‚°¬ã ı¨ËJô ‹âÓÇ ∞ü¯ÉË¿ÇË£˘ ÓáÏ¨˘ ıºã." ‚°¡ ‹ıò √PÚ ™Í£üËú HÛFGFË¿¨ÏÚ ∫∂∞à Óá¥Ë¨˜ ‡¨¯Ú¨ıàÓ˘.

75 ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ H°˘ò ‹âÓä ´ÛNM° Ó°¨Ò ™ıOäÜÏ∂; ‹∂Ó£° ‹™ÒKÇË ‡úÔ£Ü¥ä ´£ò ›∞ã. LÉË° Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ﬁÛáÏ£ã ÓMË£Ù ™Ó£ÏÇË ‡¨ÛJô ´ÒÍ¬¨ÏÚ ™Í£üË¨˜ ´Òü´Ë£OÜ¥ ´£ò ‚°¯ ™ºã ‹Næ, ıÏÇ∞ã AˆÇ∞ã É∞ ™üPºâÓ ‹Æ¨Ò∫¨¯ ‚°¯ ∞ü¯àFüË£˘ ÓáÏ¨˘ ‚°¡ √P˘£ò.

¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜC, ™ÍåF ·ÏËã ﬁıüP° ∫ø Âà∂¨ˆäπÏ° ‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàF˘£ô ´ÍòâF¨ˆÇËäÜÏ ﬁÛàÓÇË˜K, ‡¡FÚ£˘ ‡Ü∞PäπÇË¨˜ ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂. Ôã ËáËú ∫°´ Yò∞¨Ùâ∂ Gü∞ã ‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘Ô£ÚËàF° G¨Ù, ‹HMºàF ‹¨Ïâ∂ıºã ´ÓCÚä ´KÏK˘£ô ‚¥ÇËäÜÆºÇ∞ã ıÆıÉËOô Â°¯£∞ã.

´¸£v ÆôÙ£M° CàFÛı¨Ó

‹á¨ÒJô ÔÏâÓ Òü™¯£º GËõæã ‹FËÒ£Ë ∞PÇËäÏMô¨Ù. ËÏâÓ ı£ÛãÓ£°, Ôıãò 2ã´ÓF, GŒ ´Ú£òÇ ¨Ïãv Âº ‹´Í£C´ÚÜÏÜ HÛv ‡¨ÏÚ M´˘£Ó ‹PÇ¨Ë¨Ú 19ã ÇËàFô "ÆôÙ£ ÓËıôËú Óı¯£Ë ÔÏàÓäÜÏ∂ üPÚ ∞ü¯ÑÍ£Ü¥ÇË¨˜ MıKÇA°¯˘" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ™ıOJÜÏ∂. "´£K¥ã ¨Ëıò ‚°¡ √¯äÜ¥ Õ°¯¨Û ›á¥ C¨¯Jô ﬁºâÓ´£∂, Ó£° CâFÛı¨ÓÇ∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÜÏÓ£Ë ´¸£v ÆôÙ£ √Pªú˜£ò; ÒÛÌÓáÏ¨˘ ıˆÇËä¥ã ‚°¯ ‹Ñ≤¡àÓôËú Òü¡ã cáÏ ´ÔÛã ËÜÏ£ÚÒ£Ë GüË ´ıá¥ã ‚°˘ ´£°¯ıü¨¯ªã ‹ıò ‚Fò™Ë£áÏ£ò. 1,300 Ô£ÜË¿Ç∞ã ´ÒÙ£Ë ‹ıò ﬁÛ£µıÑ C¨¯Jô ﬁºâÓ™£ø∂ ‹ÛÍ£ÉËàF° ´Ò£ÍÒ£˘ ™ÍÚôËO˘£ô £FÇËäÜÏÓ° Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ‹ıºÇ∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ≤ÒàÓäÜ¥ú˜ ÚÉËÛı£ÓàFüË£˘ ›ÓÛæ ‚°¯ ∞ü¯Ñ Í£Ü¥ÇË¨˜ cÇ∞Ò£¡ ÆôÙ£M° ıˆÇËPÎòËú Ô¥ıá cFF¨Ú ´ËÜ¥Ç ™Ë£á¥ú˜˘ò" ‚°¡ ﬁÇËÜ¥¨Û ™Ó£ÏÉ∞A¯∂.

"∫°˘£ú CË£´Ë£ ∞áÏò ∞øM° ‡¡äH˘ò" ‚°¡Ó£° ÆôÙ£ ∞PÇËäÜÏ£ò ‚°¨Ó cÉËú ‹¨˘ıºã ‹PiòËú ‚°¡ G¨˘ÇA´¯°. ‹∂Ó£° ‹ı¨Ûä üPÚ ‹¨ÏÚ£˜ã. ÆôÙ£M° ıˆÇËPÎòËú ÂºÒ£ÓàFü∞ ∫°π ‹OàÓ ÓËıôË¨˜ ﬁâÓà ÓËıô ∞PäHÜÏ∂. GŒ ´Ú£òÇ ¨ÏãCü∞ Âº ‹™ÒKÇË ∞ÆÒË° ∫¨¯Ú£Ë CàFÛı¨ÓÇ∞ÜÜÏ∂ üPÚ MKı£˘ ÓËıôË¨˜ ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ıÇWôËú ‹OàÓ∂ üP ÒÇË¿Ç∞à ™ÓKMÇË ÂºÒ£Ó Ë£Ùã ›A¯∂.

ﬁâÓ ÍÜÏÃòı ›ıÌÉËOô ÆôÙ£M° ıˆÇËPÎòËú MKı£Ë ›Ó£Ûà∂Ï° Fº. ÆôÙ£Mü∞ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ ™Ë£«ÛÒ£˘ CàFÛı¨Ó üP ‚øFªú˜˘ò; ﬁıò 2002ô ¨Ë∂ ™ÍåÚäÜÏ£ò. ﬁÛá¥ ›á¥ Ë£ÙàFü∞ ∫üPΩã ÓQ¨Òä¥àÓäÜÏ G¨ÙJô ¨ıÇËäÜÏ£ò. ‚ı¨Ûªã ‹ıò £òÇËMô¨Ù. ‚âÓ ´ÔÛã, ‚âÓ Ò£Óã ´£°¯¨ıªã ‹ıºÇ∞à ™ÓKÚ£FºâÓ∂. ‚É∞ ﬁºÇA´¯£ã ‚°∂ã ‹ıºÇ∞à ™ÓKÚ£FºâÓ∂.

12 ‹Æ c˜ã 76 ‹Æ ‹ËÙã ‚°¯ Âº ‹¨¯Jô ‹ıò ¨ıÇËäÜÆºâÓ£ò; ﬁâÓ CPÚ ‹¨¯¨Úà ÓMÛ ´ı¡ ‚¨Óªã ‹ıò £òÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂. Ëô ™ıOÑÍã √Ï ‹ıò £òÇËMô¨Ù. ﬁıò ÂºıòÒÜ¥´Ò ÓQÚ£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã G¨Ù¨ÚÇ ™Ë£áÏ C¨¯J° ∞FJô ‹ıò ¨ıÇËäÜÏ£ò.

AÜÏàÓÜÏ ﬁÛá¥ ›á¥Ë¿Ç∞ H°˘ò ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‹¨¯Jô ‡Ìæà ÓÜ¥ Óú˜äÜÏ´£∂ Â´Û Âº Âº∫¨¯ ÒQÓà ™Ó£Ïòπ „üÜÏ∂. ∫¨¯Ú£Ë ‡Ïô ´Ë¥¡ã ı¨ËJô ‹ıò Ó£ÇËäÜÏ£ò, ∫¨¯Ú£Ë ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ …ÇËã ﬁôÙ£Òô ‹ıFª¡ã G¨ÙÇ∞ Óú˜äÜÏ£ò; ÆäÓü∞ ‚°¡ ‚∂æã ‹ıºÇ∞Ç ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏMô¨Ù; CÙ ´ÔÛÉËú ı£ÛÇËÌÇAô ‡Ï¨Ù ≤àÓã ™Íå∂™Ë£ú¿ã ı£åäπ √Ï ıˆÉËäÏMô¨Ù; ‹äÆ …å¨Ò ™Íå∂ã ™Ë£ú¿ã ´ÔÛàFô IËÇ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ FÜ¥ÇËú, ‹ıÒ£˘ËÛÒ£˘ ≈õG¨Ù¨ÚàÓ£° ‹ıò ‚Fò™Ë£ú˜ ´ÔKÜÏ∂; ´ıá¥ã ‚°´¯Ó£° "‚Fò™Ë£ú˜ ´ÔKÜÏ∂" ‚°¯ ™Í£ü™¯£Ï¨Û Ô£° Ú°¥à∂A´¯°. Ù Ò£ÓÉË¿Ç∞ã Âº ¥Ç¨Ë MKä´£, Ó¨ÙÚ¨Ì´Ú£ √Ï ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏMô¨Ù.

ÆôÙ£ ‹¨Ïà∂ ¨ıÇËäÜÆºâÓ ≈õG¨ÙË¨˜ Âºıò ÏàFô £òàÓ£´ÛÚ£˘£ô -- Âº IºËàÓ˘Ò£˘ ‹FË£ÛÉËú G¨¯âÓ Íòı£FË£KJ° ¨ËF¨Ú ÔÏà∂ã MÓã üPÚ F¨ÛäÏà¨Ó £òàÓ£ô-- Âºıò ™ºã dF ‹¨Ïıò. ›J¬ã√Ï ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ﬁâÓ ÒQÓ¬Ç∞ ﬁ∂Ó£° ∂ôLÚÒ£Ë „üÜ¥ú˜∂.

eá¥ã, ﬁ¨ÓäüP ‚öMÓ ÓËıôËú ıâ∂ú˜˘? ‚ıò ´ËúMÇ∞ ‡Ü¥àÓäÜÏ˘ò? ﬁıò ﬁöMÓã ÔÏàÓäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ËÜÏ¨˜JÜÏ∂ πw, ™ÍQ Òü¡ã Ûãv™ôÜ ›ıò. ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ CàFÛı¨ÓÇ∞ ‹öMÏÉËOLºâ∂Ó£° ‹¬ÒF ıÛ´ıá¥ã. ﬁäÆ ÔÏÇËÇ√ÆÚ Ô£ÜÆô Ô£ã ı£õâ∂ ™Ë£áÆºÇA´¯£ã.

PCP ÇËú, LSD ´£°¯¨ı ÆôÙ£ e∂ ·CË˜£Ëä ´£ÏäÜÏ˘. ﬁâÓ ÒQÓQ° Õ¨˜¨Ú ‹NÇË ‹¨˘à∂ã ™ÍåÚäÜÏ∂; ﬁıò ‚°˘ ™ÍåÓ£ò ‚°ÓüË£Ë ﬁ¨ı™ÚôÙ£ã ™ÍåÚäÜÏ∂ ‚°∂ üPÇ√Ï ÔÒÇ∞à ™ÓKÚ£∂.

›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓΩã, 2006ã ›á¥ ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ ∞øÑ ÍÜÏ∫ã

ﬁâÓ ´ÓòÓô HÛÑÍ£ÛàF° ´£∂ Ë¨ÏCÚ£Ë GËõâÓ Íãıã Â°¡ã ‡ÉËú Ëı˘àFü∞ ™Ë£á¥ıÛäÏ ´ıá¥ã. ‹∂ 2006ã ›á¥ ﬁÚü¯äÜÏ ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ ∞ø ÍÜÏã ›∞ã. ﬁ∂ ‹™ÒKÇË ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‹¨ÒäπÇËO° ‡á¨Ò G¨Ù üPÚ IË ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ı£åâÓ ™ıOä£¥ ›∞ã.

ﬁÑÍÜÏã Ô°∞ ÆÇËäÜ¥ ›Û£Úä¥ı∂ IËæã ∫ÇAÚÒ£∞ã. Ùò ﬁ∂ üP ‹PâFºÇËMô¨Ù ‚°´Ó Âº ∫ÇAÚä HÛÑC¨˘ ›∞ã. ‹™ÒKÇËä πÛÜC¨Úä üPÚ ﬁº C¯ä£˘ ›åæËú üP ‡ÉËú Ëı˘à¨Ó ﬂòÇË MºãπA´¯°. The Ideological Origins of American Revolution ‚°∂ Âº πàÓËã. Òü™¯£°¡ The Making of the American Republic. ﬁÛá¥´Ò ∞Æ´Úü¯ÉËOô ‹ä™£ø∂ ﬁºâÓ ≈õG¨Ù¨Ú, ∞Pä£Ë ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒË¿Ç∞ „üÜÏ ›à∂ ‡Ìò¨ı Ô°∞ M˜Ç∞A°¯˘.

ﬁÉAÙ£âFô Âö™ı£ºıºÇ∞ã A¨ÏàÓ¨ÓMÏæã ‹™ÒKÇË ∞Æ´Úü¯ Ô£Ü¨Ï ´ÍòâÓıòËú C¯âÓ G¨Ù¨ÒË¨˜ ™üPºâÓÓ£ô, ∫ø™ıÆäH˘£Ωã HKÜØÍ£ò CÙı¨ËËOô ‡Ìòæ ÒøÉËÆÇËäÜÏ˘ò. ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ e¯ôËú ‹ôÙ£Ó, ™ºã£Ωã ËºàFÚÙ˜Mô ‡K¨ÒËú e¯ä¥ÓÙ£Ë ÓÉË¿Ç∞ ´Ó£°¡ı¨ÓJÜ¥, ‹™ÒKÇË ∞Æ´Úü¯ Ô£ÜÏıò „° ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌ ∫¨¯Jô F¨Ëà∂ú˜˘ò ‚°¨Ó ‹ıòË˜£ô πKâ∂™Ë£ú˜ ∫ÆÚMô¨Ù.

∞Æ´Úü¯ÉËO° ´£Ç∞ üP KæÌòæ Ë£ÜÆÚ ›ÉAÙä £Û£¿Ò°¯ ‡¡ä˘òËOô ÂºıÛ£˘ ‚Ü™Ò£°Ü ÃòÇ, "Íü´¯ Ò£¡ÜÏ Ó°¨Ò¨ÚÇ ™Ë£áÆºÇ∞ã ™Ó°¯Lô√Ï" ™Ë£¥É´Ë£°¨Ò ıâ∂M¥´Ò£ ‚°¡ G¨˘àÓ ‹˜Mô ‹™ÒKÇËòËú ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ıòËú" ‚°¡ √P˘£ò. ‹™ÒKÇËòË¿Ç∞ã, ≤ÓâFÛà¨Ó ﬁˆâ∂MÜÏ Òü¯ Ô£ÜÏıòË¿Ç∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‡ú˜ ´ı¡£¥, Hâ¨ÓÚıòËú IËà Ó£ÒÓ£Ë M¨ÏJ¡ÇË ∫ü¥¨ËJô, ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ≤ÓâFÛàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ™ÍÚôËú Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Ç∞ „üË˘´ı ıâ∂MÜÏ˘. ›˘£ô ‹™ÒKÇËòËú ÓÉËú ‡K¨ÒÇË£˘ ‹Ñ≤¡àÓôË¨˜ IËà ›Ûã ËÜÏàF´Ù´Ú Ëá¥HÆà∂MÜÏ˘ò.

‚Ò∂ ÓüË£Ù ≈ˆL° ™ºâ∂°ÉËOô Â°¡ ﬁâÓ F¯¨Ò ™ºÒ˜æ ﬁˆÇËäÜ¥ MÜÏ∂ ‚°Ó£∞ã. ﬁ¨Ó™Ú£ÜÆ ‚°˘ ÔÏÇA¯∂ ‚°¨Ó ‹Pâ∂™Ë£ú¿ıÓü∞ ∫°´ ÒÇËú ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒËú Ë¨˜â∂MÜÏ¨Ó Ë£µã ı¨ËJô ÍÜÏÉËú ﬁÚü¯ä¥ıFô É∞ ‡ú˜∂.

Âº ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ∞ø ‚°¯£ô ‚°˘? ﬁÛ£µı cFÒ°¯àFô ﬁºâ∂ ‹∂ ‚äÆ ´ı¡ÜÏ∂?

ﬁÛ£µı cFÒ°¯ã ‚°∂ Âº ﬁÛ£µı Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Ú£∞ã; ﬁFô Í£ÜCÚàF° MFËú ÒFäπä ™¡ã. ∞ü¯ã Í£ÜÏäÜÏıò Ó°¨˘Ç Ë£à∂Ç ™Ë£ú˜ Âº ıˆÇËPÎò ‡á¥; ‹ıºÇ∞ ﬁÛ£µı cFFË¿ã ÒFäπÇ ™Ë£¥äò. Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ËÜCÇË£Ûò G¨ÙüP Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ £∂Ë£Ç∞ã ı¨ËË¨˜ ‹ıò ¨ËÚ£˜´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ‚Fò£òÇËäÜÏ´Ó ÂNÚ, ﬁÛ£µı ‡Úò ‹FË£KËO° ‚¥HÆÚ£Ë cFÒ°¯àFô ‹ıò ﬁºÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ﬁô¨Ù.

Âº ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ ∞ø ‚°∂ ∫üPΩã ´ı¡ÜÏ M˚ÚÒ£∞ã. ‹Æä¨ÏJô ÂºMÓà Ó£°´Ó£°PàÓ˘ cFÚ£∞ã ﬁ∂. ËÏâÓ Ë£ÙàFô CMô cFÒ°¯ÉËú ∫üPΩã ÓËòâÓ G¨ÙJô ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ∫¨¯ Ú°¥àÓäÜÏ∂; ‡Ó£ÛÌÒ£Ë ‡úÔ£Ü¥ä ´£ò ´£°¯ G¨Ù¨ÒJô. Âº ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ ∞øM° ∫° Âºıò ﬁøà∂ G¡àÓäÜ¥, ÔÚÒü¯ cF ‹OÇËä¥ã.

Â´ÛÒ£FKÚ£˘ ﬁÛ£µı cF ÍÜÏàFü∞ ÛâÓ ‹˜Mô FºàÓÒ£Ë ﬁä™£ø∂ ‚øÓäÜÏ ÍÜÏã Â°¡, ‹âGÚ ÍÜÏM´Û£Ó ´£K¥ã ¨Ëıò ‚°¯ ıòÇËà¨Ó ‡ºı£ÇAªú˜∂; ﬁıòË¿Ç∞ ‹¨˘à∂ ‡K¨ÒË¿ã ÙÒ£Ë ‹Ëü¯äÜ¥MÜÏ˘. ‹ıòË¨˜ ‚∂æã ™ÍåÚÙ£ã. ‡K¨ÒËú ÍÜÏàFô ‡¡FÚOÇËäÜÆºâÓ IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ‡K¨ÒËú ‹¨˘à∂ã AÜÏàÓÜÏ Ò¡ÇËäÜ¥MÜÏ˘.

‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛCÚÙ¨ÒäH° Ô£°Ë£ã FºàÓã ´Ó¨ıÚü¯ ´Í£Ó¨˘Ëú, PäπÇËú ﬁıüPü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë £∂Ë£ä¨ ‡¡FÚOà∂ú˜∂. ﬁ∂ ﬁä™£ø∂ ´£åMÜÏ∂. ‰âÓ£ã FºàÓã Ó˘Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë´ı Âºıò Í£ÜCÚã √¡ıFô ﬁºâ∂ £∂Ë£äπ ™Ë£¥ÇA¯∂. IËÇ Ë¥¨ÒÚ£˘ MÍ£Û¨Ì ∫¨¯Ë¨˜ ¨ËÚ£úı¨Ó GÚ£Úä¥àFÚ MÓàFô πFÚ ÍÜÏã ‹Óü∞ã ∫ü¡äπúO ¨ıà∂MÜÏ∂. ›¯£ã FºàÓã M¨Ûı£˘ MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ∞ ‡àÓÛı£Óã ™Ë£¥àÓ∂. ‹∂æã ﬁä™£ø∂ …ÇA™ÚPÚäÜ¥MÜÏ∂. ﬁä™£ø∂ú˜ ÍÜÏàF°Æ Êò ›´Ì£, ™á´Ì£ Ë£Ùı¨ÛÚ¨¯Úü¡ C¨¯Jô ¨ıÇËäÏÙ£ã. ™Ë£«ÛÒ£˘, ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ÓáÏ¨˘Jô ﬁºâ∂ £∂Ë£äπÇ∞ ‡àFÛı£Óã ™Ë£¥ä∂ ‚ÜÏ£ã FºàÓã ›∞ã. ‹∂æã ´£åMÜÏ∂.

ﬁÉ∞ IË ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ M˚ÚÉËú üPä ´CÇ ™Ë£áÆºÇA´¯£ã; „™˘Qô ‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ Òü¡ã ‡K¨ÒËú ÍÜÏàFô ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜ ‡K¨ÒËú ‹¨˘à∂ã ÓàÓã ™ÔÆÚ ıÛÙ£ü¨¯ ™Ë£áÏ¨ı ›∞ã. ‹¨ı cáÏË£Ù ıÛÙ£ü¡ ‹¬ıàFÛÜ¨Ï ‡ÜAÛAà∂Ç ™Ë£áÏÓ° M¨˜æËú ›∞ã.

Ë£ÛÌÒü¯ ´Í£Ó¨˘Ëú, PäπÇËú, HÛÑC¨˘¨Ú ‚¥à∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿´ı£ã. Àü¡ÇËÌÇË£˘ ›á¥ËO° ´£Û£ÜÏã ﬁÓ° H°˘EJô ﬁºâÓ∂. ﬁFô ™ºã£Ù£˘¨ı, ‹ÛCÚÙ¨ÒäHô Òü¯ıü¨¯ä ´£°¡, ∫ÆÚ£ÜC ‹ÛÍK° ıÛãHÙ£ Íòı£FË£ÛàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏàF° ‹¬ıàFô M¨˜âÓ¨ı ›∞ã.

1760ã ›á¥, ´Ó¨ıÚü¯ ´Í£Ó¨˘Ëú, PäπÇËú ﬁıüPü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë £∂Ë£äπ ™Ë£¥Ç∞ã Âº ÍÜÏàFüË£Ë ı£F¥ã´£∂, MôLÚã HÜ, (Prime Minister of Great Britain 1766-1768) ‡K¨ÒJô Ó¨ÙJ¥ã ‹ÛCü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ÓQÔK° ﬁ¨¯¨Ò¨Úä £∂Ë£àÓ£ò: "Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ∞Æ¨ÍJô, IË ıPÚ ÒQÓ° √Ï ∫ÆÒ°QK° ‹¨˘à∂ ÍÇFË¨˜ªã ‚Fòà∂ GüËÙ£ã. ﬁôÙã ı£Æ ıÓÉAÚ G¨ÙJô ﬁºÇËÙ£ã; ‹Ó° √¨ÛËú ‹Fòâ∂ GüËÙ£ã; ‹Ó° ıN´Ú Ë£ü¡ ™ÍôÙÙ£ã; πÚô ∏¨ˆÚÙ£ã, Ò¨ˆ ∏¨ˆÚÙ£ã; ›˘£ô ﬁÉAÙ£â∂ ‹ÛÍò ∏¨ˆÚÇ √Ï£∂; ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‹¨˘à∂ ÍÇFË¿ã √Ï ‹Næü¯ ∞Æ¨ÍJ° ∏¨ˆı£J¨Ùà Ó£áÆ ‡ú´˜ ™ÍôÙÇ √Ï£∂."

ﬁÛ£µı MÍ£Û¨ÌÇ ∞øÇËú ÍÜÏàFô HÛFLÇ∞ã e¯ôËO° ‹˜æ ‹Ó° ﬁº √¡£¥ËO´Ù´Ú ≤ºÇËÒ£ËÇ √¯ä¥A¯∂; Òü¯ ‹¨˘à∂ e¯ôË¿ã ﬁıüP´Ù´Ú ‹ÏÉAªú˜˘. "›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô MıË£ÛÉËú" ‚°¯ Ó¨Ùäπ ™Ë£áÏ HKMô ﬁºÇ∞ã ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£˘ ‹PÇ¨Ë ∫ÓÙ£ı∂ ›∞ã. ‹∂ √¡A¯∂: "‚âÓ cFÒ°¯∫ã, cFFªã ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô C¨¯HÆà∂ ¨ıÇËäÜ¥ú˜ Âº Ôò ‹ôÙ∂ Âº ÔK° Í£ò£Ë ıºã ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô Ò¬¨ı MÍ£KÇ∞ã ‡K¨Ò A¨ÏÚ£∂."

›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô ‚°¯£ô ‚°˘? ÙºÇ∞ã ﬁ∂üP ™ÓKÚMô¨Ù; ‹∂´ı FA÷Ü¥ıÓ£∞ã; CÙı¨ËJô, ‚âÓ ‹˜Mü∞ ¸˘Ô£ÚË Ô˘Mô ‹Käπ „üÜ¥ú˜∂ ‚°F° ™ıOä£Ï£∞ã.

›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô C¯äπ ‹FË£Ûã ‚°∂ ÓQÒQÓ ≤ÓâFÛàF° ‹vFı£Ûã ›∞ã. Âºı¨Û C¨¯HÆäÓüË£˘ ÍÜÏÃòı GÚ£Úã ﬁôÙ£Òô, ‹äÆäÜÏ GÚ£Úà¨Ó cFÒ°¯àFô ‹OÇË£Òô Âº Ôò C¨¯HÆÇËäÜ¥, C¨¯Jô ‹¨ÏÇËäÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°´Ó ﬁÓ° ™£º˜£∞ã. ´ı¡MÓÒ£ËÇ √P˘£ô, ﬁÇ√ÜÏàFô ﬁºâ∂ cÉËú ™ıO´Ú¡ã™£ø∂, ﬁºıò ‡ÉË¨˜ä HÆà∂ ´£hv ıáÆJô „üP, ‡ÉË¨˜ C¨¯Ñ Í£¨ÙÇ∞ ‹¨ˆà∂ ™Í°¯£ô, cÉËú cFÒ°¯à¨Ó Ô£Æ ‚âÓ ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‡ÉË¨˜ HÆà∂ú˜˘ò ‚°ÓüË£˘ M˜ÇËà¨Ó ´ËÜË ∫Æªã.

ﬁäπFÚ ÍÜÏã ÓÉË˜∂ ‡K¨Ò¨Ú ∫üPΩã ﬁˆâÓ ÒÇËO° Âº ∫øı¨ËJ˘à¨Ó ‡ºı£Ç∞A¯∂. ‚˘´ı cÉËú Íòı£FË£ÛàF° Wõ ﬁºÇ∞ã ≈õG¨ÙÇ∞ eá¥ã FºãHMÜØòËú; ‹ôÙ∂ ﬁâÓ ‡K¨Ò G¡ıä¥ã ∫°˘ò ﬁºâÓ G¨ÙÇ∞; ‹ôÙ∂ ‹™ÒKÇËä πÛÜC Ô¨Ï™ü¯ G¨Ù¨ÒË¿Ç∞ ‹ôÙ£Òô, Ò£¯£Ë ‹Óü∞ ∫â¨ÓÚ G¨Ù¨ÒÇ∞ FºãHMÜØòËú. ‡á¨ÒJô ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓL° ›Ûãã F°Õ°¯£ã Àü¯£áÆô (™ºã Í£Í˘ã) Magna Carta Mü∞, ﬁ°¬ã H°´˘£ÇAä£òàÓ£ô F´˘£Û£ã Òü¡ã àÓ£ã Àü¯£á¥Ë¿Ç∞ FºãHÑ™ÍôA¯∂.

ﬁÓ° ‡Ü∞PäπÇËú Ú£¨ı? ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓΩÇË£˘ ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏã ﬁÉAÙ£âFô 17ã Àü¯£áÆô £Û£¿Ò°¯ã ∫ÆÚ£ÜCÇ∞ ‚FÛ£Ëä ´£KÜÏ ´£∂ ıâÓ∂; v«ıòÜ Ò°˘òËú ‹ä™£ø∂ ™ÓåiË ‡K¨ÒÇ ´Ë£Ü£ÜÆ°Æ ›ÜC ÔÏà∂ıÓ£Ë √P˘ò. ™Ó£ÏòÑCÚ£˘ Ù ÍÜÏÉËú ﬁ¡FJô ﬁÚü¯äÜÏ˘; ‡K¨ÒËú ÍÜÏã, 1639ã ›á¥ ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô ÍÜÏã ›AÚ¨ı ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã, ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó Óı¯£Ëä Ú°¥àF Âº ÓQÔ¨Û, C¨¯äHÆäÓü∞ ‚FÛ£Ë Ë£à∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿ıÓüË£Ë ™Ë£á¥ıÛäÜÏ¨ı ›∞ã. ‹∂ ÍÜÏàFô bòÒ£QÇËäÜÏ∂, ›˘£Ωã Âº πÛÜC ´Ó¨ıäÜÏ∂, ﬁ¡FJô 1649ô Ò°˘ò …ÇALÏäÜÏ£ò, ﬁºâ∂ã ﬁ°™˘£º - πËõ™ü¯ πÛÜCJô ﬁâÓ ‡K¨ÒËú AÜÏàÓÜÏ ∫ø¨ÒÚ£Ë ‹¨ÏÚäÜ¥MÜÏ˘.

ﬁ¨Ó™Ú£ÜÆ Òü™¯£º ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ Ëºà¨Ó Ô£° √¯´ıá¥ã. ﬁäπFÚ ÍÜÏã ‹âGÚ ´£K¥ã ¨ËıòË¿Ç∞ ‚FÛ£˘∂. "Alien" ‚°¯£ô ∞ÆÒËQôÙ£Ó ™ıOÔ£Ü¥ÇË£Ûò ‚°¡ ™£ºú˜. "›ã, ﬁ∂ ∞ÆªK¨Ò ‹ôÙ£Ó ÒÇË¿Ç∞àÓ£´˘." ‚°¡ CÙò √¯ Ô£° ´ËÜ¥ú´˜°.

¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËºàF° G¨Ùä£ÜÆ°Æ ﬁ∂ ∫üPΩã „üËà Ó∞âÓ∂ ‹ôÙ. ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ÒÇËú ∞ÆªK¨Ò ﬁôÙ£Òô ﬁºÇA°¯˘ò; ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ﬁÚô£˘ ∞ÆªK¨Ò ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏMô¨Ù ‚°¯£Ωã ıÛÙ£ü¯˜Mô Ô£ÜÆô ı£øã ‹¨˘ıºÇ∞ã ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô ‡K¨Ò Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Jô ﬁºâ∂ ıºA¯∂. ‚OÓ£ËÇ √¯´ıá¥ã ‚°¯£ô, Âºıò Âº ∞ü¯ã ﬁ¨ˆàFºâÓ£ô, ‹ıò ∞ÆÒË° ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¯ Ë£ÛÌàF˘£ô ‹™ÒKÇË ÍÜÏÉË¨˜ H°ü¯à ´Ó¨ıJô¨Ù ‚°¡ ‡K¨Ò ´Ë£Û ∫ÆÚ£∂.

›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓ¨Ù Ô¨Ïä¥à∂ı∂ ™ºã ıÛÙ£ü¡Ñ C¯ä¨Ç ™Ë£áÏÓ£∞ã; ﬁÛá¥ ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ GËõæË¨˜ √¯ MºãπA´¯°.

∫Óô GËõæ ™Û£´òÜ ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ ‚°¯ ™Úº¨ÏÚı¨Û üPÚÓ£∞ã. ¸Ò£åÇË£Mô ﬁºâ∂ ﬁÉAÙ£âFü∞ ™Û£´òÜ ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ ‚°¯ ‹Æ¨Ò ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‚¸Ò£˘Û£ô ‹¨ˆà∂ıÛäÜÆºâÓ£ò. ‚¸Ò£˘ò ﬁÉAÙ£âFô ÚEàFºâÓ£ò. ﬁÉAÙ£âFô ‹Æ¨Ò ∫¨¯Ç∞ ‚FÛ£Ë ÔôÙ ∫¨¯Jô ı£F¥ã G¨Ù Ë£ÌäÜÏ∂; ‹Æ¨Ò ıEË ∫¨¯¨Ú ‚FòäıòËú Ëı˘àFü∞ ﬁâÓ ™Û£´òÜ ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ ÙáÏ° ∂¨¯∫ËàFô Âº ›ÉAÙÇ ËäLô ﬁºÇA¯£ò, ¸Ò£åÇË£Mü∞ ‚¸Ò£˘Û£ô FºäHÚ¬ääÏ ﬁºÇA¯£ò ‚°¯ ÓËıô A¨ÏàÓ∂. ‚¸Ò£˘ò ﬁı¨Û Mü¡ ﬁÙ£à¨Ó ‹¨ÏÚ ∫Ú°PºâÓ£ò.

ÙáÏQô ﬁºâ∂ ıˆÇËPÎòËú Â°¡√Æ C¯äπ ‡K¨Ò Ò¬ Â°¨¯à ÓÚ£Kà∂ cFÒ°¯àFü∞ ‹Oà∂, ÙáÏ° ∂¨¯∫ËàFô G¡àÓäÜ¥ú˜ Ëäô Â°Pô ﬁºâ∂ Fº ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ cFÒ°¯àFü∞ ™Ë£á¥ıÛäÜ¥, ‹ıò ‹¨ÏÇËäÜÆºäÓüË£˘ ÍÜÏ ›Ó£Ûã M˜ÇËäÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ´Ë£K˘ò. ‚¸Ò£˘ò ﬁâÓ ı£Óã ‹àÓÒ£˘∂ ‚°¡ G¨˘àÓ£ò. ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ‹Æ¨Ò ‚°Óü∞ ›ıÌã ‹ıKÏã ﬁºâÓ∂; ‹ı¨Û Mü¯ÓüË£˘ ‹àÓ£ÜCªã ﬁºâÓ∂. ﬁ∂ Âº ™KÚ M˚Úã ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¡ ‹ıò G¨˘àÓ£ò.

ıˆÇAô ∫ÇAÚ HÛÑC¨˘ËOô Â°¡, ÂäâÓã ™ÔPÚ£˘Ó£ ‚°Ó£∞ã; ∞¨¯âÓ ÜÍã cFFJ° Ò˘àFô ﬁ∂ Âº ∫¨¯Ú£˘ ÂäâÓãÓ£˘£ ‚°¯ M˘£ ‚øâÓ∂; Ó°¨˘´Ú ‹Æ¨Ò ‚°¡ C¨¯ä¥àFÇ ™Ë£ú¿ã ÂäâÓàFü∞ ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ´Ï ﬁÌÉAJºä£Û£ ‚°´Ó ‹âÓ M˘£.

ﬁäHÛÑC¨˘J° ‹ÆàÓ˜àFô ﬁºâÓ Ó°¨Ò ‹Æ¨Ò∫¨¯ ›∞ã; ﬁÉAÙ£â∂ ÍÜÏÉËú, ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô ‡ÜÏ, ﬁÉAÙ£âFô ﬁºâÓ ‹¨˘ıºÇ∞ã £∂Ë£äπ ™Ë£¥Ç∞Ò£, ‹∂æã ‹Æ¨Ò ‚°¡ ı¨ÛÚ¡ÇËäÜÏ Ô¨Û ‚°∂ HÛÑC¨˘. ´Í£Òò™ÍÜÆ° Í£òHô ı£FÜÏ Âº ﬁ˜ã ıÇWô Êò ‡¨ÛÚ£üP˘£ò. ‹Fô ‹ıò √P˘£ò: "ﬁÉAÙ£âF° ÍÜÏÉËú IËà …å¨ÒÚ£˘¨ı; ‹ÇË£ü¨¯ Âº ‹Æ¨Ò ≤ı£CÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂." ‹Ó° ™£ºú ﬁÉAÙ£â∂ Âº ≤ÓâFÛ Ô£¥, ‹¨˘ıºÇ∞ã ﬁFô ‡K¨ÒËú ‡á¥, ‹Æ¨Ò∫¨¯¨Ú Ë£ÜÆ ﬁÉAÙ£âFô Âºı¨Û C¨¯Jô ‹¨ÏÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂ ‚°Ó£∞ã. ´Í£Òò™ÍÜ M¥Ó¨Ù ™ÍåÚäÜÏ£ò. ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ‚¸Ò£˘ò ıºàÓã ‹¨ÏâÓ£ò; ›˘£ô ‹∂Ó£° "ÚÌ ‹Æ¨ÒËú" ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆÇËäÜÏ G¨Ù ‹Ëü¯äÜÏF° ™Ó£ÏÇËã ›∞ã; ‚Ò∂ ıÛÙ£üPΩã C¯âÓ Ó°¨ÒJô ‹∂ ‚F™Û£LÇA¯∂.

ﬁÛáÏ£ı∂, ™ºã ﬁËõMü∞ÜÜÏ Dred Scott ıˆÇ∞ ›∞ã; ﬁFô ∞ÆªK¨Ò ﬁôÙ£Ó ÒÇËú ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨ÒäHô ‡ú ‡K¨ÒË¨˜ ™¯∫ÆªÒ£ ‚°¯ ı£Óã ‚øâÓ∂. Æ™ÛÜ vË£Ü Âº Ë¡äò, ‚˘´ı ‹ıò ∞ÆªK¨Ò ‹ü¯ıò, ‚˘´ı cFÒ°¯àFô ‹ıò ‡K¨ÒÇË£Ë Ò¬à Ó£ÇËô ™ÍåÚ ∫ÆÚ£∂, Âº∫¨¯ ‹Æ¨Ò ‚°¯£ô ‚ä™£ø∂ã ‹Æ¨Ò ‚°¯ ı£Óã ∫°¨ıÇËäÜÏ∂. ‹Æ¨ÒÇ∞ ‹ÛCÚô ‡K¨ÒËú A¨ÏÚ£∂ ‚°¡ã √¯äÜÏ∂.

‚˘´ı ﬁä™£ø∂ Âº ™ıOÔ£ÜÏ£ºÇ∞ ›Ü™Ë£ÌòÓô ‡K¨Ò ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¯ ı£Óã ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜÏ£ô, Ôã ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òäπ Òü¡ã ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ™Ë£ú¨ËËú ™Ë£«ÛÒ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô e¯ä¥ã Ó°¨Ò¨Úªã, ‹Æä¨ÏJô ‡K¨ÒË´˜ ﬁôÙ£Ó ÒÇËÜ™Ó£∞äπ ´Ó£ü¡MÇËä¥ı¨ÓªãÓ£° Ë£Ì´ı´Ì¥ã. LÉË° √P˘£ò: "ﬁâÓ Ô£¥ £F ‹Æ¨Ò Òü¡ã £F ≤ÓâFÛÒ£Ë ﬁºÇË ∫ÆÚ£∂." ∞PäHÜ´Ï£ò ™ÓKæÇ∞KÚÓ£Ë ›∞ã Âº ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òä¨ cÉËú ‚äÆ ¨ıàFºÇË ∫Æªã? ﬁâÓ Ò£™ºã ıÛÙ£ü¡ä HÛÑC¨˘Ëú Fºãæã ıºA°¯˘, Ôã¨Ò ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿A°¯˘.

‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò

ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ÒËàÓ£˘ Òü¡ã ¸˘Ô£ÚË M´Û£ÓÒ£˘ ‡K¨ÒËú e¯ôËú ÔÏÇ∞ã ≈õG¨Ù ‚äÆ ‡ºı£Jü¡? ´ÒΩã Íı£ΩÇ∞ÜÏ£Òô bMÛ Mı£ÓÉË¿Ç∞ã ‡ÜÏ£Òô ‹∂ ‚äÆä ´£Jü¡? ‚Ò∂ ıÛÙ£üP´Ù´Ú ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒËú üP ı£õı£, Í£ı£ ‚°¯ M˘£ÉËú ‚F™Û£Là∂ ‚øâ∂ú˜˘; ‹äÆ ﬁºâÓ ´£FΩã√Ï, Âº ´ÓòÓô HÛÑÍ£ÛàFô√Ï ‹¨ı üP Mı£ÓÉË¿ã ﬁô¨Ù; ‹¨ı ›Û£ÚäÏæã √Ï£∂ ‚°¡ ´£åMÜÏ∂.

ﬁ¨Óä πKâ∂ ™Ë£ú¿ıÓü∞ Ô£ã ı£øã ÍÕËàF° Ó°¨Ò¨Ú Ë£Ì ´ıá¥ã. ´£ò Òü¡ã Íòı£FË£Ûã ‚˘ä¥ã ﬁâ´Ô£åËO° ‡á¨ÒÚ£˘ ›Ó£Ûã Ú£∂? ‹™ÒKÇË£Mü∞ú´˜´Ú ﬁºÇ∞ã ›õâÓ ÍÕË ´Ô£J° ‹¨ÏÚ£˜ÉË˜£ËàÓ£° ﬁ¨ı ﬁºÇË ´ıá¥ã.

‹™ÒKÇË£ Âº ÍÜÏÉËO° ›¿¨ÒÇ∞ÜÜÏ Ô£¥, ÒQÓòË¿¨ÏÚ ›¿¨ÒÇ∞ÜÜÏ∂ ‹ôÙ ‚°¨Ó ‹ÛCÚô ‹¨Òä¨ ﬁÚüPÚıòËú ıLª¡àFJºâÓ˘ò. ‹Óü∞ ™Ë£¥ÇËäÜ¥ú˜ ‹FË£ÛÉË¨˜ eP Âº ™Ë£¥É´Ë£ô ›ÜCÚ£Ë ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã Ò£¯Ç√¥ã ‚°¯ ›à∂, ›õâÓ ´Û£à∂ ﬁºâÓ∂ ‚°¨Ó ‹ıòËú ‡ÌòâFºâÓ˘ò; ﬁâÓ ›à∂ ¸˘£FFJÏã ﬁºâ∂ ‚ˆÙ£ã ‚°¡ ÒÜ¥ã ‹ôÙ£Òô ÍÜÏÒ°¯àFô ﬁºâ∂ã ıÛÇ√¥ã ‚°¡ ‹ıòËú ‡ÌòâFºâÓ˘ò. ‚âÓ ‹ÛÍ£ÉË ∫¨¯Ç∞ú¿ã ‹àÓ¨ËÚ F¯° ™£Fâ∂ú˜∂; ‹¨Ó™Ú£ÜÆàÓ£° MNäπÌòæÏ° ﬁºÇ∞ã ∞ÆÒÇËú Òü¡ã ‹¨ÒäπÇËú, ÓQÒQÓº¨ÏÚ ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËË¨˜ ‚Fòà∂ GüËÇ√ÆÚ ıNı¨ËË¨˜ ™üPºÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ Ëºà∂äÆıã ‚øâÓ∂. ÒQÓòËú ∫ü¡ã ∂¯âÓıòË˜£Ë ﬁºâÓ£ô, ‹ÛÍ£ÉËÉË¿ã ÍÜÏÉË¿ã ´Ó¨ıäÏ£∂ ‚°¡ Ò£ÆÍ° (James Madison 1751-1836), 4th president of the United States) √P˘£ò ‚°¡ Ô£° G¨˘ÇA´¯°.

‹™ÒKÇË£M°, ﬁâÓ ¸˘Ô£ÚËã £FÇËäÏ£Òô Ó¥à∂ £∂Ë£à∂ Gü∞ã ∫¨¯Jô, Êò ›õâÓ ÍKæ „üÜ¥ú˜Óü∞ Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ﬁºâ∂ıºı∂ ‚°˘? ‚Ò∂ ÍÕËàF° ﬁÚô¨ Ë£Ì´ıá¥ã; ﬁÉ∞ ÍÕËã IËÇ ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ı¨ËJô ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌ ‹˜Mô ÍÕË∂ºı∫¨˘äÏ¨Ù ™Ë£áÆºÇA¯∂; IË MÚäπà Óºã ı¨ËJô ‹™ÒKÇË ÍÕËàF° Âº IËÑ CPÚ HKMÏã ™Íôıã ∞Mâ∂ú˜∂.

UCLA, ‹¨ÒäHô ﬁºâ∂ Piketty Òü¡ã Saez, ‚°¬ã ﬁº ™£º˜£Ó£Û ıôΩ˘òË˜£ô "‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ıºÒ£˘ ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò, 1913-1998" ‚°¯ Ó¨ÙäHô ‹á¨ÒJô Êò ›åæ ´Òü™Ë£ú˜äÜÆºâÓ∂. √ÜÏ£ÜC ıºÒ£˘ ıKËú ‹Æä¨Ï¨Ú ‹∂ Ó˜Ò£ËÇ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ∂; 1929ã ›áÆô ™£º˜£Ó£Û ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò, ™Íôı ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò Òü¡ã ıºÒ£˘ ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò ›AÚ¨ı ‹ıüP° IË ‡ÚòâÓ ‹˜Mô ﬁºâÓÓ£Ë ›åæ Ë£ÜÆªú˜∂.

ﬁ¨Óà ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ™ºÒâÓ G¨Ù ıâÓ∂; ´ı£ô vÜgÜ ™ºã ÍK¨ı ËáÏ´£∂ ‡ÚÛ¥ÇA° HKæËO´Ù´Ú ÒËàÓ£˘ ﬁˆäπÇËú „ü¥àÓ¨Ó ‹¥à∂ Ë¥ã iõÑC „üÜÏ∂; H°˘ò, ‹FΩã ∞Pä£Ë ﬁÛáÏ£ã ‡ÙËä ´£ºÇ∞ H°˘ò ‹™ÒKÇË ﬁÛ£µıàFΩú˜ ÓQÚ£ò ﬁÛ£µıä ¨ÏJ˘ò Ó£ÚËàFü∞ FºãHÚH°, Ò£™ºã ‹¨Ù™Ú˘ ™Ó£NÙ£˜ò ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú, ÍÕËä ´£Û£ÜÏÉËú, ‚°¨ı GËõâ∂, ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò ÍKâ∂, ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ı ÒÜÏã ‹FËKàÓ∂. ﬁ∂ 1970Ëú ı¨Û ™Ó£ÏòâÓ∂; ﬁÓ°H° ﬁâÓ ıNı¨Ë Ó¨ÙWˆ£Ë Ò£PÚ∂. ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ıI°¨Ò ´¯Ë° Gòı£ËàF°´£∂ M¨Ûı£Ë ‹FËKàÓ∂. AO°Ï° Gòı£ËàF°Wøã ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô ‹∂ M¨ÛæÏ° ‹FËKàÓ∂; ﬁä™£ø∂ 1929Ç∞ H°˘ò IË ‡ÑÍÇËÜÏ ‹˜æ ‚°¡ eá¥ã ıâ∂MÜÏ∂.

‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ıºÒ£˘ Aò¨ı ËıQàÓ£ô, CÙ ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌ √¡£¥Ë¨˜ Ë£Ì∫Æªã. ∫Ó°∫ÓÙ£Ë, ÒÇËú ™Ó£¨ËJô ‡ÚòÒÜÏ 10 ÍÓMAÓàF˘ºÇ∞ã WõÒÜÏ 90 ÍÓMAÓàF˘ºÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú IËÇË¥¨ÒÚ£˘ ﬁ¨Ï™ıO ‡ú˜∂. "™ÍôıâÓò ´ÒΩã ™ÍôıâÓÛ£A°¯˘ò; ıPÚıòËú ´ÒΩã ıPÚıòË˜£A°¯˘ò" ‚°¯ ™Í£ô¨Ù ÒÇËú ‹ÆÇËÆ √¡A°¯˘ò. ıPÚıòËú ﬁ°¬ã ıPÚıòËú ›A°¯˘ò ‚°¡ Ô£ã √¡ã´£∂ ‹™ÒKÇË ÒÇËOô WõÒÜÏ 90 ÍÓMAÓàF˘¨Û Ô£ã ∞PäH¥A°´¯£ã. ‹∂ ÒÇËú™Ó£¨ËÚ£˘ 300 IôLÚQô ËEÍÒ£˘ 270 IôLÚ¨˘, ‹Ó£ı∂ ‹™ÒKÇË ÒÇËOô IËä ™ºã£Ù£˘ıòË¨˜ ÓøM GüA¯∂.

ﬁÓ°H°, ‡ÚòÒÜÏ 10 ÍÓMAÓàF˘¨Û ›Û£åâÓ£ô, ‹É∞ ﬁºÇ∞ã ﬁ¨Ï™ıO üPªã MÚäπ „ü¥A¯∂. ‡ÚòG¨ÙJô 5 ÍÓMAÓàF˘K° ÍÕË G¨Ù¨Ò WõÒÜÏ 95 ÍÓMAÓàFô ﬁºâ∂ MÚàÓ∞ ∫¨¯Jô ´ı¡ÜÏ∂ ›∞ã. ´ÒΩã ‡ÚòÒÜÏ 1 ÍÓMAÓàFü∞ã WõÒÜÏ 99Ç∞ã ﬁ¨Ï´Ú ‹Í£Ó£ÛÌÒ£˘ ‹˜æ ´ı¡£¥ ‡á¥. ‡ÚòÒÜÏ 1 ÍÓMAÓã AÜÏàÓÜÏ ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô Âö™ı£º ›á¥ã ﬂÜ¥ã ™Ò£àÓ ıºÒ£˘àFô 19 ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂. ‡ÚòÒÜÏ 0.1 ÍÓMAÓã, ›JÛàFô Âºıò AÜÏàÓÜÏ 9 ÍÓMAÓà¨Ó ™¡ıò. ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ıI°¨ÒJ° MÚäÃÜ¥ã ÒÜÏÉË¨˜ üP Ô£ã ´≤A´¯£ã.

ıºÒ£˘à¨Ó ÒÜ¥ã ‚¥à∂Ç ™Ë£ú˜£Òô, ™ÍôıÇ ËÜ¥ä£Ü¨Ï ‚¥à∂Ç™Ë£á¥ É∞ ‡¨Ï¨Ò ıÆMô £òàÓ£Ωã ﬁ´Ó´£°¯ πúOMıÛÉËú ´Ó£°¡A°¯˘. Ôã∫ÆÚ£Ó ‹˜Mü∞ ™ıö´ı¡ ‹¥Ç∞Ë¨˜ ™Ë£áÏ Âº Í∫Ó£ÚàFô Ô£ã ı£õA´¯£ã.

ıÛÙ£¡ ÔÒÇ∞ „´Ó¬ã ËüHÇA¯∂ ‚°¯£ô, á¨ÏÚ ´Û£Ò£QÚ ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç Ë£ÙàFü∞ ™Í°¯£ô, IËÇ √¥ÓÙ£˘ ∫¨¯Jô ™ÍôıÇ ∞Mäπ „ü¥ã´£∂, ∫â¨ÓÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ›ÜC ıÆı¨ÒäπÇËú ™Ó£Ïòâ∂ ÓÇË¨ıÇËäÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂ Òü¡ã ‹KäHü∞ ‡ÜÜ¥M¥ã ‚°∂ πÙ˘£∞ã. ¸˘Ô£ÚËã ‚¨ÓÚ£ı∂ ‹òàÓä¥à∂ã ‚Qô, ‹∂ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ›ÜC¨Ú ™£Fà∂ú˜∂ ‚°Ó£∞ã. ›˘£ô IËä ÛâÓ ‹˜Mô ™ÍôıÇ™Ë£Nä¨ ËÜ¥ä£ÜÆô ¨ıàFºäıòË¿Ç∞ IËä ÛâÓ ‹˜Mô ‡ú˜ Í£Ó£ÛÌ ÒÇËú Âº ™ºã ‹Ñ≤¡àÓô, Êò ›à¨Ó HÛFGFà∂ıä¥à∂ıò.

ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ÔÙ°Ëú ‚äÆ ™ıOä¥àÓä¥A°¯˘? ÍÕËÇ ™Ë£ú¨ËJô, ™Íôı ‹FËKäHü∞ √¥ÓÙ£˘ ıºÒ£˘ıK, ™ÍôıÇ ™Ë£NäHü∞ ıKËú, ≤Ë£Ó£Û £∂Ë£äπ FÜÏÉËú, ËôM ÔÙ FÜÏÉËú, ™£∂ä E FÜÏÉËú ´£°¯ıü¯£ô ‹¨ı ™ıOä¥A°¯˘. ›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥ÇA° Ëá´Ì£ÜÏàFô ﬁºâ∂ "∞ä¨ ´£°¯ ÒÇË¿¨ÏÚ" ﬁâÓ ´Ë£KÇ¨ËËO˘£ô ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ¨Ë¿Ç∞ £ªã ıºı£å ∞¨¯â∂M¥ã.

‹™ÒKÇË ‹ÛCÚô ı£õM° ﬁÛËCÚã ‚°˘? ™ºG¡ı˘ ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ﬁº ËÜCËO° ´Ô£ÇËã ‚°˘? ÓQÔò ™Í£à∂Ç∞MäHü∞ ‹ÛCÚô, ™£º˜£Ó£Û, ÍÜÏÃòı, ÂøÇË™ÔP ı¨ËJÙ£˘ ‹¨˘à∂ Ó¨ÏË¨˜ªã ‹Ëü¡Óô ‚°´ÓÚ£∞ã. ‹∂Ó£° ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ‡úÔ£Ü¥Ç ™Ë£ú¨Ë.

‹Ó° Íòı´ÓÍ ™ıOä£¥ Ú£∂? ﬁÛ£µıı£Ó∫ã ´£ºã.

›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥Aü∞ ‡ÙË˜£MÚ ÔÙ°Ëú ‡ú˜˘. ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ´ÒÙ£FÇËà¨Ó ‹¨˘à∂ Ô£¥Ëú e∂ã G¡æıÓü∞, ‚á™Ìå, ÕÙä™£ºÜËú ›AÚıü¨¯Ç ËÜ¥äÜ¥ıÓü∞ ‹∂ M¨ˆA¯∂. ‡ÙË Ô£¥Ëú ‹¨˘àF° ™Ò£àÓ ﬁÛ£µı ™ÍÙM˘ÉËO° F°ÒÏÉ¨Ë ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ﬁÛ£µıÑ ™ÍÙM˘ã ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂. ‹™ÒKÇË ›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥Ç∞ Âº CË£´Ë£ ™Ë£ú¨˜Ç√ÜÏàF˘ò ´£ô ›ªÓ´ÒâF Íòı´ÓÍ Ë˜ä ´£òËOô ﬂ¥Ü¥ ›CÚ£, ›HKÇË£, ‹ôÙ∂ ™Ó° ‹™ÒKÇË£ı£J¬ã ‹¨˘à∂ ﬁÏÉËOΩã ‹FË£Û ™Ôãπ´Ë£¨Ù ¨ËËOô ¨ıàFºä¨Ó ‡¡Fä¥àFÇ ™Ë£ú˜ MºãπA¯∂.

ﬁÓü∞ ‹™ÒKÇË ÒÇËú M¨Ù ™ÍΩàÓ ´ıáÆªú˜∂: ﬂÛ£ÇAô Âö™ı£º Ò£Ó∫ã HôLÚ°Ëú ™ÍÙMÏä¥A°¯˘. Ò£™ºã ÌÇ∞Mäπ iÌÆÇËä¥A¯∂. ‚˘´ıÓ£° ËÏâÓ ∫¨¯ ™Í˘ÜÆô ﬂÛ£Ç ﬁÛ£µı ™ÍÙMüË£˘ ı£Ç™Ë¥äπ ıâÓ´£∂ ‚âÓ M˘£ÇË¿ã ‚øääÏ£Òô ‹∂ 100-0 ‚°¯ ËÌÇAô G¨¯´ıü¯äÜÏ∂. ‹∂ Âº Ò£ÓàFü∞ ∫°πÓ£° ÔÏâÓ∂.

´ÓòÓΩÇ∞ H°˘ò

´ÓòÓΩÇ∞ H°˘ò Ô£ã ‚¨Ó ‚Fò£òÇË ∫Æªã? cÉËú ‹PâÓı£¡, ÔãHÇ¨ËÓ£° ∫Æıü¡ cá¥™ÍôΩã. Ó°¨˘´Ú Âºıò „Ò£üPÇ ™Ë£ú¿ã F¯¬ã IËä ™KÚ∂ ›∞ã. Â´Û Ò£FKÚ£˘ ´Ô£åı£åäÜÆºäıòËú ÓÉËú ‡ÏôÔÙã ´ÓPM¥ã ‚°¡ ›¡Óô √PÇ™Ë£ú¿ıò. ıEËàFô ™ºÔwÏã ‹¨ÏâÓıò Ó°¬¨ÏÚ M´Û££FË¨˜ ∫øı∂Ò£Ë ∞¨¯√P Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ıEËã ﬁQ ıºÉË£ÙàFô ∫°´˘PM¥ã ‚°¡ Ôãπı£ò.

›˘£ô Âºıò ‹ÛCÚô HÛÑC¨˘Ë¨˜ ‹µ∞ã´£∂ ™ºã Ëı˘à∂Ï° ‹µË ´ıá¥ã. ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ° ™ıüP ÒËàÓ£˘Ó£Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ‚°¡ ‚¥à∂Ç ™Ë£ú¿´ı£ã. ™Íöı£å ﬁÛı°¡ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCÚ˘ò ™Í˘Ü Òü¡ã HÛFGFËú Ò°¯àFô ‹FËä ™ºã£°¨ÒªÏ° ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó ¨Ëäü¡A°¯˘ò ‚°¡ ™Ë£ú¿´ı£ã.

ﬁ¨Ó™Ú£ÜÆ ‚°˘ GËøã? ‹FË£Ûà¨Ó ‚äÆä Ú°¥à∂ı∂ ‚°¡ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜC MºãπA¯∂ ‚°∂ üP ›Û£Ú ´ıá¥ã. ﬁÇ Ë£ÜC üP ´ı£ô vÜgÜ ´¸ò˘ô Âº ËÜ¥¨Û ™ıOJÜÏ∂; Ùò, πFÚ ™ÏÒÇÛ£Ü¥ÇËú ‚°¡ ﬁäàFK¨Ë ‹¨ˆàÓ ô´ı¡ ÓQäÜÏıòËú üP Ù Ëºà∂ÇË¨˜ ‹∂ ™ıOJÜÏ∂.

HÛFGF Rahm Emanuel, ™Í˘ÜÏò Í£òôv wª™Òò ´£°¯ ﬁıòËú ‹¨˘ıº´Ò ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËÜCà Ó¨ÙıòË˜£ô ´ÍòÇËäÜÏıòËú ›ıò. Âº HK¨ı ´ı£ô vÜgÜ ´¸ò˘ô "ﬁÛ£µıä HKæ" ‚°¡ ‹¨ˆà∂ú˜∂. ‹™ÒKÇË ËÏü¨ÏJô ¨ıv ‹ÜIÛÙ£Ë ﬁºâ∂ Êåæ ™ü¯ Joe Sestak ã ‹Fô ‡ú˜£ò. Òü™¯£ºıÛ£˘ Chris Carney ﬁÛ£µı ‡˜æà∂¨¯ H°˘E ™Ë£áÏıò; ‹™ÒKÇË ËÏü¨Ï ÓÚ£òG¨Ù ¨ÏäHKMô ∂¨Ìà Ó˜FÚ£Ë ﬁºâÓ£ò. Òü¡ã ´Û£˘£ôÜ ´¯Ë° Ë£ÙàFô ËÏü¨ÏÇ∞ ™ÍÚÙÛ£Ë ﬁºâÓ, Êåæ ™ü¯ Ò¨Û˘£˘ ´¸ãv ™ıä ‡ã ‡ú˜£ò.

Òü™¯£º Ë°¨˘Ç∞ "ÍÕË ˆ¨Òı£FËú Òü¡ã AÛ£Òäπ¯ ÒFäd¥ ‡¨ÏÚ ´ıÜ£˜òËú" ‚°¡ M˜ÇËã ™Ë£¥ÇËä¥A¯∂. "´Ò£°Ï˘£Mô ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ° ™Í˘Ü ´ıÜ£˜Û£Ë ‡ú˜ ´¸£° ™Ïv™Ï¨ÛÇ ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç ËÜCJ˘ò Âº Ó£Û£˜ı£F ‚˘ Ó£Ç∞A°¯˘ò; „™˘Qô ‹ıò ´ÓÍÇÓ ÍÜÏã ‹Ëü¯äÏ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ´Ë£Kªú˜£ò. ›˘£ô ‹ıº¨ÏÚ Ë£ÛÌã bMÛ ﬁÏ∂ ‚°¨ÓMÏ bMÛ ıÙ∂ ‚°Ó£ËàÓ£° ‡ú˜∂. ÚÉËÛı£ÓàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ÔÏıÆÇ¨Ë FBI Ç∞ '‚Ò∂ ∂ä£ÇAËú e∂ã HÆ¨Ú ™Ë£¥Ç∞ã' ‚°¡ ‹ıò Ëº∂A¯£ò. ´ÒΩã ÍÜÏM´Û£ÓÒ£Ë πÙã™ÚòâÓıòË¿Ç∞ ™£∂Ò°Qäπ ™Ë£¥ä¨Óªã ‹ıò ‚FòÇA¯£ò; ‹ÛÍ£ÉËã ‚ô¨Ù¨Ú Ë£ÇË √¥ÓÙ£˘ ÔÏıÆÇ¨ËË¨˜ ‚¥ÇË ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ã √¡A°¯£ò."

Õ°¯£ã ∞ø ıEËÑÍ£òπ¨ÏÚ ´ıÜ£˜òËú ›ıò; Âºı¨Û üPÚ M˜ÇËÒ£ı∂: "Ms. Giffords πFÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË √ÜÏEJ° ÂäπÓ¨Ù ™ü¯ ﬁÛá¥ ÏC° ¸˘Ô£ÚË ËÜCJ˘Kô ÂºıÛ£ı£ò. πFÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË √ÜÏE ‚°∂ 40 ÍÜÏIÚü¡ıòË¨˜ ™Ë£áÏ ∞ø; ﬁıòËú ËÜC¨Ú ﬁ°¬ã √¥ÓÙ£˘ ıEË ÔÙ°Ë¿¨ÏÚ ™Ë£ú¨ËËú, ıKË¨˜ ∞¨¯àÓô, ™£∂ÔÙ ™ÍÙM˘ÉË¨˜ ∞¨¯àÓô ›AÚıüP°£ô ıNÔÏàÓ MºãπA¯ıòËú. πFÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË √ÜÏEJ˘£ô ´Óòâ™Ó¥ÇËäÜÏ Òü™¯£ºıò Æã Ò´Ë£´˘ ›ı£ò; ™Óü∞ π´˜£KÏ£Mô 1 HôLÚ° Ï£ÙòËú ÕÙÓ˘à¨ÓÇ ™Ë£áÏ ıÉA, ÒÜ¥ã ÓQÚ£ò É∞ G¡ı˘à¨Ó ÔÏà∂ıò; ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç ËÜCJ° HÛFGF Ò£òÇ ´£L¨Ú ‚äÆªã iõàÓ ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯ Ëºà¨Ó™Ú£ÜÆ Fº. ‚Ò£¬ıÙ£ô ´Óòâ™Ó¥ÇäÜÏıò."

ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ÔòËúÓ£° ÓÚ£ò™ÍåÚäÜ¥ ıºA°¯˘ò. ﬁıòËú ‹FË£ÛàFü∞ ıâÓ£ô ∫ÓÙ£Oà∂ı ÔÙ°ËO° Ë¥ã ıÙ∂Í£K £∂Ë£ıÙòË˜£ËàÓ£° ﬁºä£òËú.

´ÓòÓΩÇ∞ ∫°π, Ó£Û£˜ı£Ó ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ° ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘ ∞ø Â°¡ ´Íòâ∂ "‹™ÒKÇË Ó£Û£˜ı£Óã, Òü¡ã ŒvÏ° ‹PÇ¨Ë" ‚°¯ Ó¨Ùä¨ ™Ë£áÏ ›ıÌà¨Ó ÓÚ£KàÓ∂. ™¸äK ™˝òä Òü¡ã ›¡ ‹™ÒKÇË ËôMÚ£˜òË˜£ô ‚øÓäÜÏ ‹∂, ﬁä™£ø∂ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜC¨Ú ‹Ó° ¨ˆÚ ™º¨ÒÇ∞ eÜÓüË£˘ πFÚ ‹™ÒKÇË Ó£Û£˜ı£ÓàF° HÛËÏ˘Ò£Ë ∫°¨ıÇËäÜ¥ú˜∂.

Ò£òÑ 2006ô Ù HKÜÆw "ÍÒà∂ı Ó£Û£˜ı£FËú" ‚øFÚ "ŒvÏ° HÛËÏ˘àFü∞" ›ÓÛæ ™Ë£¥à∂ ﬁâÓ ›ıÌã ›ÛãHÇA¯∂. ™˝òπã ‹ıº¨ÏÚ ÍË£ÇË¿ã ÓÉË¿¨ÏÚ ‹PÇ¨Ë "bMÛ ﬁvÙ£ã Òü¡ã ‹∂ ·ÇËã ™Ë£¥à∂ú˜ ÚÉËÛı£ÓàFü∞ Íı£ôM¥ıÓü∞ ´£FÚ Ó°¨Ò ‡¨ÏÚ Ó£Û£˜ı£ÓÇ ™Ë£ú¨ËÇ∞ ﬁ∂ Âº ‹¨ˆäπ" ‚°¡ √¡A°¯˘ò. ‹ıòËú ´ÒΩã √¡ıÓ£ı∂: "ﬂÛ£Ç ´£ºÇ∞ ™ºã£Ù£˘ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCJ˘ò ‚FÛ£Ë ‡ú˜ G¨ÙJô, Ùºã ¨ÏË¨˜ Fºã ™¡ıÓü∞ FÜÏ ıÜÏ ‹ÜÏı¨Ì ´ıá¥ã ‚°¡ ´Ë£ºã G¨ÙJô, bMÛ ﬁvÙ£¨Ò ËÜ¥ä¥àÓô ‹ôÙ∂ ´Ó£üËÆàÓô ‚°¯ ıºÉË£Ù ı£åä¨ ´£Kô ™ıüP, ´Ó£ôM, ‹ôÙ∂ ﬁ¨ÏäÜÏ G¨Ù ‚äÆ £FÇ∞ã ‚°¨Ó ‚Fò™Ë£ú˜ô ∫ÇAÚÒ£∞ã. ∫ÓÙ£ıÓ£Ë, £ÛYË ı¨˜∞Ï£ Òü¡ã ÒàFÚ AˆÇA° ‹ÛCÚô ıºÉË£Ùã ‹™ÒKÇË£M° ´ÓCÚ ÔÙ¬Ç∞ã ‹Ó° ‰´Û£äHÚ ÔÜπ Ô£¥Ë¿Ç∞ã ∫ÇAÚÒ£˘Ó£∞ã. ..."

ﬁÓ° H°˘ò Qä´£K° ÒÛ¨ Òü¡ã ËãŒQÍàFü∞ ‚FÛ£˘ ´£Û£ÜÏà¨Ó ‹ıòËú Ò˘Fô ™Ë£á¥ıÛ M¨ˆA°¯˘ò. ﬁ¨ÓàÓ£° Âº πFÚ Ó£Û£˜ı£Ó ‹ÛCÚô ‹Æä¨Ï ‚°¡ ‹ıòËú ∫°¨ıÇA°¯˘ò.

ﬁÓ° ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ‚°˘? ´ÓòÓΩÇ∞ H° ´£¨Û ‚FòÇ∞ã IôLÚ° ËÌÇË£˘ ÒÇËú, πw Gòı£ËàF° ÍÕËÇ ™Ë£ú¨Ë¨Ú ‚FòäıòËú, ™ÚÛ˜MüË£˘ ‚FòÇËÜC ‚°∂, Ó£ÉËú Mºãπã ‹¨˘àFü∞ã ‚FÛ£˘ Ëºà¨Óä HÛFLà∂ GüA°¯∂ ‚°¨Ó ´ÔºÇ∞´Ôò ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ıò. ‹Æä¨ÏgFÚ£Ë ﬁ∂ ¸˘Ô£ÚËÇ ËÜCªã ∞ÆÚÛ≤Ç ËÜC¨ÚMÏ ‚âÓ ı¨ËJΩã ∞¨¯MôÙ£Ó ™ÍôıÇ ™Ë£Nä¨ Òü¡ã ‚âÓ ı¨ËJΩã ∞¨¯MôÙ£Ó Hü´£Ç¨Ë ™Ë£áÏ Âº ÍÕËà ™Ó£∞FJ° e∂ ÓÉAªú˜∂ ‚°¯ ‚OÚ ‡á¨ÒJ° Ë£ÛÌÒ£Ë ›∞ã. ﬁÓ° ™£ºú ‹™ÒKÇË£Mô Âº ‹ÛCÚô Ò£ü¯ã ıÛ´ıá¥ã ‚°¯£ô, ‹∂ ∫üPΩã πFÚ F¨ÍJô ﬁºâ∂Ó£° ıÛ´ıá¥ã.

2000ã ›á¥ ´ÓòÓôË¿Ç∞ H°˘ò, π´˜£KÏ£Mô ı£Ç∞ ‚áÌä¥Ó¨Ù Ô≤ÇA, Ó¨Ù¨Ò cFÒ°¯ã ´ÓòÓô ™ıüP¨Ú πwSü∞ ™Ë£¥àÓ H°˘ò, ﬁâÓ M¨˜æ ›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥Ç∞ Òü¡ã ‹Ó° ‹ÛCÚô HÛFGFËO¨Ï´Ú Ãòwı£ ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFü∞ ËEÍÒ£˘, ‡¡FÚ£˘ Ó˜ã ﬁô¨Ù ‚°¨Óä πÙä¥à∂A¯∂ ‚°¡ Âº ‡¨ÛJô Ô£° √P´˘°. ÒÛ£òâÓ ¸˘Ô£ÚË G¡ı˘ ‹¨ÒäπÇËú, Ô¨Ï∫¨¯Ë¿ÇË£˘ ‡¡Fä£ÜÆô ›õâÓ ‹Käπ „üÜ¥MÜÏ∂ ‚°∂ ‹™ÒKÇË£Mü∞ú´˜´Ú ÍÕË ‡¯æËOô ∞PäHÏàÓÇË Ò£ü¯ÉËOô HÛFLÇA¯∂.

‹™ÒKÇË ÍÕËã ™ºã C¨ÓMü∞ ‡ÜÜ¥ú˜∂. ÍÕË ∂ºı∫¨˘äÏL° ‹˜æ ™ıÆäπàÓ°¨Ò ‡¨ÏÚ ÓÛà¨Ó ‚ÜÆMÜÏ∂. ıºÒ£˘ã, ™Íôıã ›AÚıü¨¯Ç ™Ë£áÏ ı¨ËJô Í∫Ó£ÚàF° ‡ÚòÒÜÏ Âº ÍÓMAÓã ‹ôÙ∂ ‰â∂ ÍÓMAÓàF˘ºÇ∞ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒËOô ›õâÓ ™£¡äπ A¨ÏÚ£∂. ﬁâÓ ÍÕËä HKMΩã√Ï CÙ MFMÙÇ∞Ëú ﬁºÇA°¯˘. ›˘£ô ÍÕËàF° ™Íôıã ™Ë£NÇ∞ã ÓÜÆ° π¯G¨Ù ‡¯æ, ¸˘Ô£ÚËàFü∞ ÛâÓ ÒÇËÜ FÛÜÆ° Ó°¨Ò¨ÚMÏ ∫üPΩã Ò£¡ÜÏ G¨Ù¨ÚàÓ£° ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂. ›¿ã ‡ÚÛ¥ÇAü∞ ¸˘Ô£ÚËã ‚°∂ Âº ıÍF, Âº ´Ó¨ı ‹ôÙ. 20ã Àü¯£áÆô Ù∫¨¯ GœHÇËäÜÏ∂ ´£ô, Íòı£FË£Ûã ™Íôıà¨Ó £∂Ë£ÇË Ú°¥´Ò ‹°P ™Íôıà¨Ó ‹Ñ≤¡àÓ£∂.

‹™ÒKÇË£Mô ‚âÓ ÍÕËä HKMü´Ë¬ã ¸˘Ô£ÚËã üPÚ HÛÑC¨˘ ‹KIÓÒ£˘ π¯G¨Ù ∫ÇAÚà∂ıà¨Ó ™Ë£á¥ú˜Ó£? ﬁô¨Ù™Ú°¯£ô, ¸˘Ô£ÚËã G¨ÙàFÏô ‚°¨Ó ﬁˆâ∂M¥´ı£ã. ›˘£ô ™ºã£Ù£˘ ÒÇËÜ FÛÜÆü∞ ¸˘Ô£ÚËã, ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒË¨˜ Ë£àFÏô ‚°∂ IË ›õâÓ ∫ÇAÚà∂ıã ‡¨ÏÚÓ£∞ã.

‹âÓ Ó˜à¨Ó ™£¡àÓı¨Û -™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËã Òü¡ã ÒÇËO° ÛâÓ ™ı∞¸˘ä ∞FJ˘Û£ıò- ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ı£õÇ¨Ëà™Ó£NΩã ı£õÇ¨Ëà ÓÛ∫ã Âº ´ı¨Ù Òü¡ã ı£Û£âFÛ ‹ôÙ∂ Ò£ÓÑ Íã˜à¨Ó ÔãHªú˜∂. ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ´ı¡ ›Ó£ÛÉËú „∂ã A¨ÏÚ£∂. ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ËôM ´ıá¥ã. ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ÍÒà∂ıàFô ÔãHÇ¨Ë ‡á¥. ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ≤Ë£Ó£Ûä £∂Ë£äπ ´ıá¥ã. ™ı∞¸˘ Í∫Ó£Úã ‚°¡ Ô£ã ‹¨ˆÇ∞ã ™Ó£∞äπ ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ã HÛÑC¨˘Ëú ‹¨˘àFΩã ‹ıòËú É∞ ™Ë£á¥ú˜˘ò; ‹¨˘à¨Óªã ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿A°¯˘ò.

¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒËú Ë£ä£ü¯äÏ ´ıá¥ã ‚°Fô ‹ıòË¿Ç∞ ›õâÓ ‹ÇË¨¯ ‡á¥. ›˘£ô ﬁ°¨¯Ú ÚÓ£òàÓã ‚°˘™ıQô ¸˘Ô£ÚË ‡K¨ÒË¨˜ ÍÕËàF° ™£º˜£Ó£Û ÂøÉË¨ÒàÓΩÏ˘£˘ ‹ıüP° ›õâÓ ™Ó£Ïò¨ ‹Pâ∂ ™Ë£ú˜£Òô ‡¡Fä¥àÓ ∫ÆÚ£∂. ¸˘Ô£ÚËã, ÍÕË ÍÒà∂ıÒü¯ G¨ÙJ° ›õâÓ ÒÜÏÉËú ‡ú˜ ≈ˆôËO° Wõ £∂Ë£à∂ ¨ıÇËäÏ ∫ÆÚ£∂. ¸˘Ô£ÚËã Ó°¬¨ÏÚ ´Ô™ÛFòG¨Ù¨Ú ÍÒà∂ıI°¨ÒJô Ëá¥™Ë£úA¯∂. ¸˘Ô£ÚËã ÍÒà∂ıàF° e∂ ÓÉAªú˜∂.

Ô£ã ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ã HÛÑC¨˘Ëú, ∞PäHÏàÓÇË ı¨ËJô bMÛ ıÆı¨Òä¨ ™Ë£áÆºâÓ£Ωã Âö™ı£º Ô£ÜÆΩã, ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ıNı¨Ë ﬁºÇ∞ã ﬁÏÉËOô ‚ôÙ£ã, ‹∂ ™ıOä£Ü¨Ï ™Ë£á¥ú˜∂.

™Ó£NÙ£˜ ıòÇËàFüË£˘ ™ı∞¸˘ ‹ÛCÚô ﬁÚÇËà¨Ó ËÜÆÚ¨ÒäÓü∞ ´Í£ÍLÍ ÍÒà∂ıÇ ËÜC ´£Û£¥A¯∂; ‹ıòËOÏã ‡Ù™ËÉAΩã ‡ú˜ ™Ó£NÙ£˜òË¿¨ÏÚ ÔÙ°Ë¿Ï° ﬁ¨ÌâÓ ı¨ËJôÓ£° ‹ıòË¿¨ÏÚ ÔÙ°Ë¿ã ‡ú˜˘ ‚°¨Ó M˜Ç∞ı´Ó£¥ ‚Ò∂ ÍÕËàF° HÛÑC¨˘Ú£˘∂, ‡ÙËä HÛÑC¨˘J° Âº £Ëã ‚°¨Óªã √¡A¯∂.

Ô£ã ‚Fò™Ë£ú¿ã E, Âº πÛÜCËÛ ´Í£ÍLÍ Òü¡ã Íòı´ÓÍ ´ı¨Ùà FÜÏà¨Ó ‹ÆàÓ˜Ò£Ë ™Ë£áÏ Âº πFÚ ‹ÛCÚô ËÜC¨Ú ËÜÆÚ¨ÒäÓüË£Ë ´£Û£¥ıÓ£∞ã. ‹âÓ ∫°´˘£Ç¨ËàÓ£° Ô£ÉËú ﬁâÓà ´ÓòÓô HÛÍ£ÛàFô ∫°¨ıà∂ú´˜£ã.

Ô£° ´CÚ √ÜÏÉË¨˜ ËºàFü™Ë£á¥, ﬁàÓ¨ËÚ ‹ÛCÚô Ò£ülÜÆü∞ ÛâÓ ´Ó¨ı ‡ú˜∂ ‚°¡ Ô£° √¯∫Æªã; ›˘£ô ™ıOä¨ÏÚ£Ë ∞¨¯âÓ ‹OäπàÓ£° ‡ú˜∂. GÙæã ‹ÛCÚô ËÜÏ¨ÒäH˘£ô ÓÇË ‹ÛCÚô Ò£ül¥ ´£∂Ò£˘Ó£Ë ™Ë£¥ÇËäÏMô¨Ù. ﬁıòË¿Ç∞ π¯à´Ó ‡ú˜ıòË˜£ô ‹∂ ™Ë£¥ÇËä¥A¯∂; ‹ıòËú Âº ´ı¡MÓÒ£˘ πFÚ ‹ÛCÚô ıÆı¨Òä¨Ç Ë£Ì MºãπA°¯˘ò.

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